PROGRAM STUDI AGRIBISNIS FAKULTAS PERTANIAN, UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS BAHAN AJAR Mata Kuliah:Bahasa Inggris Terapan dalam Bidang Pertanian Semester: III Pertemuan Ke: 4 Pokok Bahasan:Gerund and Infinitive Dosen: Dr. Ir. Yonariza, MSc Vonny Indah Mutiara, SP, MEM Yulinda, MSc -1

To-infinitive + Gerund The to-infinitive after a verb often describes a future event. Eg: after hope, expect, promise, want, the event in the to-infintive comes after the activity or thought in the main verb: – I hope to see you next week. Gerund describes an activity. – We enjoyed seeing you last weekend. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -2

G1- afford / agree G2 – learn / need G3 – ask / decide G4 – promise / refuse G5 – expect / fail G6 – tell / want G7 – hope / wish G8 – want / decide POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -3

afford / agree I agree to go to the Beijing trip this summer holiday. I can afford to buy this picture. learn / need We should learn to do housework. Human need to drink water. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -4

Hope / wish I hope to meet Beckham in England. I wish to fly up high in the sky. Want / decide I want to do the homework today. I decide to buy this book. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -5

Expect / fail We expect to pass the English exam. We failed to do the homework. Tell / want He wanted to tell her about his feelings. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -6

Ask / decide I asked my mum to go shopping with me. I decided to go hiking this Sunday. Promise / refuse I promised my mother to finish my homework by 6pm. I refuse to invite Yumiko to my party. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -7

No major difference in meaning Some verbs can be followed by either the to- infinitive or the gerund without any major difference in meaning: BeginContinueStartintend Mother Teresa started to live/living in the slums of Calcutta from Though she faced many problems, Mother Teresa continued to work/working for the poor. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -8

Gerund (general), to-infinitive (particular situation) Some verbs are generally followed by the gerund when used in a general sense The to-infinitive is often used for a particular situation. LoveLikeHatePrefer (I like swimming) but I don ’ t like to swim (on cold days). POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -9

The Gerund is formed by adding ‘ ing ’ to the base form of a verb. swim  swimming eat  eating run  running POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -10

The Gerund can be used – As a noun E.g Running is my favourite sport. (subject) He tried running faster. (object) She was afraid of losing. (object of preposition) POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -11

Exercise 1.(swim) _________is a very good form of exercise. 2.I have some (shop) ______to do this afternoon. 3.(learn) _________English takes a long time. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -12

After adjectives + preposition accustomed to capable of fond of afraid of successful in good at tired of interested in E.g She is accustomed to training for many hours. He is good at running the 200 meters race POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -13

Exercise 1.Mary is fond of _______ (sing). 2.The boy soon became accustomed to _______ (work) hard. 3.Are you afraid of _______ (play) the exciting electronic games. 4.She is never tired of _______ (talk) about her clever son. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -14

After verbs admitcan ’ t helpdislike keep try finish advisekeepenjoy appreciatemindavoid understand suggest forgive E.g John has finished repairing his bicycle. They enjoy walking in the evening. Mary dislikes swimming in winter. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -15

Exercise 1.He kept ________(run) till the end. 2.She enjoys _______ (run) for competition. 3.They dislike _______(drive) small cars. 4.He avoided ________(answer) my question. 5.Would you mind me ________ (smoke) in this room. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -16

Bare infinitive Infinitive form without “ to ” 1.After modal verbs (should, could, must..etc), “ had better ” and “ would rather ” – We should respect people who are selfless and kind. – You ’ d better prepare for the interview as you ’ ll be asked lots of questions. – I ’ d rather go for a walk. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -17

Bare infinitive 2. After “ let ” and “ make ” – Mother Teresa let the poor die in dignity. – The teacher made him stay behind after school. 3. After FeelSeeWatchNoticeHearListen to She saw a man enter the room. I heard the boys quarrel with each other. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -18

Bare infinitive Infinitive form without “ to ” 1.After modal verbs (should, could, must..etc), “ had better ” and “ would rather ” – We should respect people who are selfless and kind. – You ’ d better prepare for the interview as you ’ ll be asked lots of questions. – I ’ d rather go for a walk. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -19

1 I want to study. Which is correct ? 2 I want studying. right -20

1 I finish to eat. Which is correct ? 2 I finish eating. right POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -21

1 I need to study. Which is correct ? 2 I need studying. right POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -22

1 I hope to study. Which is correct ? 2 I hope studying. right POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -23

1 I stopped to smoke. Which is correct ? 2 I stopped smoking. right POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -24

Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund To infinitiveGerund (-ing forms) 1.Use as subject Eg: To smoke is bad for you 1.Use as subject (more common) Eg: smoking is bad for you. 2.To say why we do things (purpose) Eg: I got up early to catch the 7am train. 2.After prepositions (on, in, before, for, without, after … etc.) Eg: you can ’ t live without eating Eg: Thank you for listening. 3. After some verbs (eg: expect, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse, choose, fail, learn, promise, hesitate...etc) Eg: I expect to pass the exams. 3. After some verbs (eg: dislike, enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, can ’ t help … etc) Eg: I ’ ll finish studying in June. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -25

Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund To infinitiveGerund (-ing forms) 4. After some adjectives and nouns.(adj=easy, happy, glad, nice, excited, ready, difficult, dangerous...etc; noun = work, money to spend, something to drink, different ways to protect her. … etc) Eg: She is ready to leave. (adj) Eg: I am glad to see you. (adj) Eg: I ’ ve got work to do. (n) 4.After phrasal verbs Eg: I am not good at dancing. Eg: I am not interested in singing. Eg: John will give up smoking. 5. Some verbs can be followed by either gerund or to-infinitive Eg: I love going to school/ I love to go to school 5. eg: begin, continue, hate, love, start … etc. POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -26

Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund To infinitiveGerund (-ing forms) 6. used in general sense (eg: love, like, hate, prefer..etc) Eg: I like swimming. 6.Used in particular situations Eg: I don ’ t like swimming on cold days. 7.No + gerund Eg: No money, no talking. * Some words can use both to-infinitive and gerund with the same meaning. ( eg: love, like, begin, start, intend, continue..etc) 8.Stop + gerund. Eg: stop talking, stop writing, stop walking … etc. * Some words can use both to- infinitive and gerund with different meaning. (Eg: remember, try..etc) POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR -27

POKOK BAHASAN: Gerund and infinitive AGRIBISNIS UNAND-BAHAN AJAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA Azar, Betty Understanding and Using English grammar. Pearson Education. New York Hewing, Martin Advance Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press. United kingdom -28