Chapter 5 Forming the Government

Section 1

Inspiration 1. English law 1. English law Magna Carta- signed by King John in 1215 Magna Carta- signed by King John in 1215 Made king subject to the law Made king subject to the law English Bill of Rights- passed in 1689 English Bill of Rights- passed in 1689 Declared the supremacy of Parliament Declared the supremacy of Parliament People’s representatives had a strong voice People’s representatives had a strong voice 2. Enlightenment 2. Enlightenment Believed that a social contract existed between rulers and the people ruled Believed that a social contract existed between rulers and the people ruled

Models Virginia House of Burgesses Virginia House of Burgesses Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact Constitutions- basic principles of law that states the powers and duties of government Constitutions- basic principles of law that states the powers and duties of government

State constitutions Keep leaders from gaining too much power, limit government, and protect the rights of the citizens Keep leaders from gaining too much power, limit government, and protect the rights of the citizens Some banned slavery Some banned slavery Some protected religion- Virginia Stature for Religious Freedom Some protected religion- Virginia Stature for Religious Freedom

Suffrage Right to vote Right to vote Free white men who owned land Free white men who owned land Some states allowed those who paid taxes as well. Some states allowed those who paid taxes as well. Only land owners could hold public office Only land owners could hold public office

2 nd Continental Congress Purpose- create a national government Purpose- create a national government Appoint a committee of 13 (1 member from each colony) to draft a new national constitution Appoint a committee of 13 (1 member from each colony) to draft a new national constitution

Articles of Confederation Congress- single branch of government with limited powers Congress- single branch of government with limited powers Each state has 1 vote Each state has 1 vote Settle conflicts among states, make coins, borrow money, and make treaties. Settle conflicts among states, make coins, borrow money, and make treaties. Could ask the states for money and soldiers but the states could refuse Could ask the states for money and soldiers but the states could refuse No national court system or president No national court system or president

Articles of Confederation Passed by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 Passed by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 Sent to states to be ratified Sent to states to be ratified Maryland refused to ratify until western land claims were settled Maryland refused to ratify until western land claims were settled all states ratified all states ratified.

Northwest Territory Land Ordinance of set up system for surveying and dividing western lands. Land Ordinance of set up system for surveying and dividing western lands. Split into townships of 36 square miles Split into townships of 36 square miles Divided into 36 lots of 640 acres Divided into 36 lots of 640 acres 1 lot reserved for public school 1 lot reserved for public school 4 lots reserved for veterans 4 lots reserved for veterans Remaining sold to public Remaining sold to public Allowed to control land and pay debts Allowed to control land and pay debts

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Established territories that included Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin Established territories that included Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin Create a system to bring states into the union Create a system to bring states into the union Divide into smaller territories with an appointed governor Divide into smaller territories with an appointed governor When population reached 60,000, the settlers could create a constitution and petition to join the Union When population reached 60,000, the settlers could create a constitution and petition to join the Union Protect civil liberties and required public education Protect civil liberties and required public education Banned slavery Banned slavery

Section 2

Problems Congress could not force states to provide soldiers for army Congress could not force states to provide soldiers for army Continental Army disbanded after war ends Continental Army disbanded after war ends Difficult to protect citizens from foreign threat Difficult to protect citizens from foreign threat

Britain Wouldn’t turn over forts on the American side of the Great Lakes Wouldn’t turn over forts on the American side of the Great Lakes Closed ports to American ships Closed ports to American ships Forced American merchants to pay high tariffs Forced American merchants to pay high tariffs

Spain officials closed lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping officials closed lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping

Importance Farmers couldn’t export goods, had to hire British ships to carry goods, raised prices Farmers couldn’t export goods, had to hire British ships to carry goods, raised prices British flood colonies with goods sold at cheaper prices British flood colonies with goods sold at cheaper prices Congress couldn’t correct problem because it didn’t have the authority to pass tariffs. Congress couldn’t correct problem because it didn’t have the authority to pass tariffs. States refused to work together to stop problem States refused to work together to stop problem

Economic Problems Trade among states (interstate commerce) difficult Trade among states (interstate commerce) difficult Inflation- hard to pay off debts Inflation- hard to pay off debts States began printing paper money (had no value) States began printing paper money (had no value) Congress had no power to stop Congress had no power to stop Weak economy Weak economy depression depression

Tensions Rise Massachusetts tried to pay off debt by collecting taxes on land Massachusetts tried to pay off debt by collecting taxes on land Farmers couldn’t pay so sold property, labor, or went to debtor’s prison Farmers couldn’t pay so sold property, labor, or went to debtor’s prison

Shays's Rebellion August farmers revolted and closed down courts August farmers revolted and closed down courts Daniel Shays led force to shut down Mass. Supreme Court Daniel Shays led force to shut down Mass. Supreme Court Became known as Shays's Rebellion Became known as Shays's Rebellion Jan defeated by state troops Jan defeated by state troops Feb- many in prison, 14 sentenced to death, later were released Feb- many in prison, 14 sentenced to death, later were released

Importance Showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation Showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation Call for a stronger central government Call for a stronger central government Virginia legislature called for a nation conference Virginia legislature called for a nation conference Sept met in Annapolis, Maryland but not all states attended Sept met in Annapolis, Maryland but not all states attended May call for a Constitutional Convention May call for a Constitutional Convention

Section 3

Constitutional Convention Met in May of 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in Independence Hall Met in May of 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in Independence Hall George Washington chosen as president of the Convention George Washington chosen as president of the Convention Met to improve the Articles of Confederation Met to improve the Articles of Confederation

Virginia Plan Presented by Edmund Randolph Presented by Edmund Randolph Supreme power given to the central government Supreme power given to the central government Bicameral legislature- 2 houses with number of representatives based on population Bicameral legislature- 2 houses with number of representatives based on population

New Jersey Plan Submitted by William Paterson Submitted by William Paterson Unicameral legislature- 1 house with each state receiving an equal number of votes Unicameral legislature- 1 house with each state receiving an equal number of votes Central government could tax and regulate trade Central government could tax and regulate trade

Great Compromise Submitted by Roger Sherman of Connecticut Submitted by Roger Sherman of Connecticut Legislature have 2 houses Legislature have 2 houses 1 with representation based on population (House of Representatives) 1 with representation based on population (House of Representatives) 2 each state receive 2 representatives (Senate) 2 each state receive 2 representatives (Senate)

3/5ths Compromise Divided over whether slaves should count towards the population for representation Divided over whether slaves should count towards the population for representation North- No North- No South- Yes South- Yes Only 3/5 th of slave population would count towards determining representation Only 3/5 th of slave population would count towards determining representation

Commerce Compromise Congress levy tariffs on imports but not exports Congress levy tariffs on imports but not exports Slaves would be allowed to be imported until 1807 Slaves would be allowed to be imported until 1807

Federalism Sharing of power by the state and central governments Sharing of power by the state and central governments Federal government has set powers and the state has set powers Federal government has set powers and the state has set powers

Checks and Balances Power is balanced equally among the 3 branches of the government Power is balanced equally among the 3 branches of the government EX: EX: Congress passes a law Congress passes a law President can veto the law President can veto the law Congress can override the veto with a 2/3 vote Congress can override the veto with a 2/3 vote Supreme Court can declare law unconstitutional Supreme Court can declare law unconstitutional

Section 4

Anti-federalists People who oppose the Constitution People who oppose the Constitution Thought the central government was too powerful Thought the central government was too powerful No guarantees of individual freedoms No guarantees of individual freedoms George Mason, Sam Adams, Patrick Henry George Mason, Sam Adams, Patrick Henry

Federalists Supported Constitution Supported Constitution James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

Federalists Papers Series of essays that supported the Constitution Series of essays that supported the Constitution Written anonymously under name Publius Written anonymously under name Publius Actually written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay Actually written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay Reassure American people that the new government wouldn’t overpower states Reassure American people that the new government wouldn’t overpower states

Ratification Approval of Constitution Approval of Constitution Dec. 7, Delaware first to ratify Dec. 7, Delaware first to ratify Rhode Island last to ratify Rhode Island last to ratify Some states ratified because were promised a Bill of Rights to be amended to the Constitution Some states ratified because were promised a Bill of Rights to be amended to the Constitution

Bill of Rights James Madison- (father of the Constitution) pushed for Bill of Rights James Madison- (father of the Constitution) pushed for Bill of Rights Sept amendments sent to states to ratify Sept amendments sent to states to ratify Dec all states ratified 10 amendments- these became known as the Bill of Rights Dec all states ratified 10 amendments- these became known as the Bill of Rights

Branches 3 branches of government 3 branches of government Legislative branch- propose and pass laws Legislative branch- propose and pass laws Congress- 2 houses Congress- 2 houses Senate- 2 from each state Senate- 2 from each state House of Representatives- based on population House of Representatives- based on population Executive branch- enforces laws Executive branch- enforces laws President and departments President and departments Judicial branch- interprets laws, punish criminals, settles disputes between states Judicial branch- interprets laws, punish criminals, settles disputes between states Supreme Court and national courts Supreme Court and national courts