BLEEDING AND SHOCK CHAPTERS 8/9

THE BODY FUNCTIONS 3 conditions are needed to maintain adequate blood flow in the body: The heart must be working well An adequate amount of oxygen-rich blood must be circulating in the body The blood vessels must be intact and able to adjust blood flow

WHAT IS BLOOD? Blood consists of liquid and solid components and compromises approximately 7 percent of the body’s total weight The average adult has a blood volume of between pints The liquid part of the blood is called plasma The solid components include red and white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets Plasma makes up about half of the total blood volume Blood Volume- the total amount of blood circulating within the body

PLASMA Plasma maintains the blood volume needed for normal function of the circulatory system Plasma also contains nutrients essential for energy production, growth and cell maintenance Carries waste products for elimination Transports the other blood components

WHITE BLOOD CELLS Are a key disease-fighting part of the immune system They defend the body against invading microorganisms, or pathogens They also aid in producing antibodies that help the body resist infection

RED BLOOD CELLS Account for most of the solid components of the blood Transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs Red blood cells out number white blood cells about 1000 to 1

PLATELETS Disk-shaped structures in the blood that are made up of cell fragments An essential part of the blood’s clotting mechanism because of their tendency to bind together

FUNCTIONS Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and wastes Protecting against disease and bacteria by producing antibodies and defending against pathogens Maintaining body temperature by circulating throughout the body

BLOOD VESSELS Blood is channeled through blood vessels The major types are: Arteries- Large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart to the rest of the body Capillaries- Microscopic blood vessels linking arteries and veins; transporting oxygen and other nutrients from the blood to all body cells and remove waste products Veins-Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from all parts of the body back to the heart

WHEN BLEEDING OCCURS Our body reacts by: Platelets begin to clot More red blood cells are made Excess fluid is absorbed into blood stream to make up for lost volume Hemorrhage- large amount of blood loss The brain, heart, and lungs immediately attempt to compensate for blood loss to maintain the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body tissues– particularly the vital organs The brain recognizes a blood shortage, signals the heart to circulate more blood and to constrict more blood vessels in the extremities The brain signals the lungs to work harder, providing more oxygen Platelets also collect at the wound site in an effort to stop blood loss through clotting

EXTERNAL BLEEDING Bleeding that can be seen coming from a wound Occurs when a blood vessel is opened externally, such as though a tear in the skin Each type of blood vessel bleeds differently Atrial bleeding are rapid, severe, and pulses with heart beat- spurts; bright red Venous bleeding is a slow steady flow; dark red or maroon- Capillary bleeding is slow and oozes; paler red Most external bleeding can be controlled with pressure

CARE FOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING Direct pressure- pressure applied on a wound to control bleeding By a gloved hand or bandage Pressure placed on a wound restricts the blood flow through the wound and allows normal clotting to occur Clotting- the process by which blood thickens at a wound site to seal a hole or tear in a blood vessel and stops bleeding Pressure on a wound can be maintained by applying a bandage snugly to the injured area Pressure bandage- a bandage applied snugly to create pressure on a wound to aid on control bleeding Elevation- if possible raise the injured area about the heart- gravity helps slow blood flow Pressure points- areas in the body where arteries pass over bones Brachial- upper arm between bicep and tricep Femoral- upper inner thigh area

PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION Avoid contact with blood and other body fluids. Wear disposable gloves Cover any cuts, scrapes or sores Change gloves before providing care to a different victim Remove disposable gloves without contacting the soiled part of the gloves and dispose of them in a proper container Thoroughly wash your hands and other areas immediately after providing care Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer where hand-washing facilities are not available if your hands are not visibly soiled. When practical, wash your hands before providing care

Signals of severe external bleeding Blood spurting from the wound Bleeding that fails to stop after all measures have been taken to control it First Aid for External Bleeding CHECK scene, then CHECK person Obtain consent Cover with a sterile dressing Apply direct pressure until bleeding stops Cover dressing with bandage IF BLEEDING DOES NOT STOP Apply additional dressings and bandages and continue to apply pressure Take steps to minimize shock, monitor ABC’s CALL 9-1-1

INTERNAL BLEEDING Bleeding inside the body The escape of blood from arteries, capillaries or veins into spaces in the body Severe internal bleeding can occur from injuries caused by a blunt force May also occur when an object penetrates the skin and damages internal organs

Signals for Internal Bleeding Soft tissues Swelling, tenderness in the injured area Anxiety or restlessness Rapid or weak pulse Rapid breathing, shortness of breath Skin that feels cool or looks pale Bruising in injured area Nausea, vomiting Abdominal pain Excessive thirst Decreased level of consciousness Severe headache Care for Internal Bleeding Depends on severity of bleeding and the site of injury Minor- cold ice pack Major - Call Do no further harm Monitor breathing and consciousness Help victim feel comfortable Keep temperature normal Reassure the victim

SHOCK The failure of the circulatory system to provide adequate oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body Traumatic- shock related to trauma and illness A progressive condition in which the circulatory system fails to circulate oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body When vital signs do not receive oxygen-rich blood- they fail to function properly When more severe injuries occur the body maybe unable to adjust When the body is unable to meet its demand for oxygen because blood fails to circulate adequately, shock occurs

THE BODY’S RESPONSES The heart beats faster and stronger to adjust to the increased demand for oxygen Because the heart is beating faster breathing must also speed up to meet the body’s increased demand for oxygen A sudden drop of blood pressure Many things affect the severity and effect of shock on a person EX: a person’s health, age, gender and personality where on their body they are injured, and the environment they are in

CAUSES Heart conditions--heart attack, heart failure Internal or external bleeding Dehydration Infection Severe allergic reaction Spinal injuries Burns Persistent vomiting or diarrhea

COMMON TYPES OF SHOCK TypeCause AnaphylacticLife-threatening allergic reaction to a substance, may cause airway to swell, affecting ability to breathe; can occur from insect stings or from foods CardiogenicFailure of the heart to effectively circulate blood to all parts of the body; occurs with heart attack HypovolemicSevere bleeding or loss of blood plasma; occurs with internal or external wounds or burns or with severe fluid loss, as from vomiting and diarrhea NeurogenicA disruption of the autonomic nervous system, which results on the blood vessel expanding and creating a drop in blood pressure; can be caused by fluid loss, trauma to the nervous system or emotional shock. Fainting is an example of this SepticToxins caused by a severe infection cause the blood vessels to dilate

Signals Restlessness or irritability Altered consciousness Pale or cool skin Rapid breathing Rapid or weak pulse Excessive thirst Nausea or vomiting Care CHECK, CALL, CARE Make the victim as comfortable as possible Keep victim’s temperature normal Watch consciousness, breathing rate, skin appearance Have them lie down on their back Do not give them anything to eat or drink Elevate legs to help circulate blood UNLESS Victim is nauseated or having trouble breathing Has a head, neck, or spine injury If moving causes pain

THE DOMINO EFFECT