PERNAMBUCO H. Serhan Süzer October 31, 2013 CHALLENGES OF SOLAR POWER AROUND THE WORLD

Content – Challenges of Solar Power 1. SOLAR POWER 2. CHALLENGES a) Energy Demand Increase oWorld Population at its peak, still increasing oEnergy Consumption increasing at an increasing rate oEnergy Consumption per Capita b) Baseload Issue c) Finance d) Governments 3. WORLD PV MARKET a) Examples from 4 Countries: Germany, Greece, Saudi Arabia (Solar Power could power the Entire World), Turkey b) World PV Market 4. ENERGY VISION FOR ALL COUNTRIES

Solar Power 1. PV (Photovoltaic) a) Utility Scale I. Crystalline II. Thin Film b) Distributed Generation (mostly Crystalline)

Solar Power 2. Solar Thermal a) Water Heaters b) CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) I. Utility Scale (for power generation) I. Parabolic Trough II. Tower III. Linear Fresnel IV. Stirling Dish II. Hybrid Systems III. Micro CSP i. Cooling & Heating ii. Steam Use 3. CPV (Concentrating Photovoltaic)

INCREASING DEMAND World Population at its peak, still increasing Figure 1. World Population, based primarily Angus Maddison estimates, interpolated where necessary.

INCREASING DEMAND Energy Consumption increasing at an increasing rate Figure 2. World Energy Consumption by Source, Based on Vaclav Smil estimates from Energy Transitions: History, Requirements and Prospects together with BP Statistical Data for 1965 and subsequent

INCREASING DEMAND Increase of Per Capita Energy Consumption Figure 3. Per capita world energy consumption, calculated by dividing world energy consumption shown in Figure 1 by population estimates, based on Angus Maddison data.

Baseload to be provided by Solar Power 1. Heat Storage 2. Power Storage Baseload to be provided by Other Renewables 1. Biomass/Biofuel 2. Geothermal 3. Hydro BASELOAD ISSUE

FINANCE LOCAL FINANCING ALTERNATIVES INTERNATIONAL FINANCING ALTERNATIVES FINANCING FOR DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (HOUSES, HOTELS, BUILDINGS, FACTORIES ETC.) UTILITY SCALE (POWER PLANTS) * WORLD ECONOMY?

GOVERNMENTS ENERGY = COUNTRY POLICY ESTABLISHED AND MANAGED BY THE GOVERNMENTS - Customs - Taxes - Incentives - Other Support - Bureaucracy: A body of nonelective government officials. DO GOVERNMENTS AROUND THE WORLD ESTABLISH AND MANAGE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POLICIES?

VISIONARY COUNTRY: GERMANY Responsibly managed Germany's phase-out of nuclear power will lead to a new reliance on renewable energy. Germany needs 3,800 kilometers by 2022 in new power lines in order to prepare for the country's planned nuclear phase-out, the country's main grid operators announced last year. Amid criticism that her energy revolution has stalled, Chancellor Angela Merkel has called for faster grid expansion which will cost about €20 billion over the next 10 years. The percentage of solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy in the country is expected to increase by 35 percent by 2020, as the country prepares for the phase-out of nuclear energy announced by Chancellor Angela Merkel after the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe last year. Germany currently has an installed capacity of more than 35 GW of Solar Power.

Source: Wikipedia. The red squares represent the area that would be enough for solar power plants to produce a quantity of electricity consumed by the world today, in Europe (EU-25) and Germany (De). (Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), 2005 SOLAR ENERGY COULD POWER THE ENTIRE WORLD

TURKEY – Economic Consequences of Energy Importation Current Account Deficit National expenditure > Domestic production

TURKEY – Renewable Energy Law December 2012: New regulations and legislations on renewable energy production June 2013: License applications collected for the first 600 MW solar power plant. The limit for unlicensed electricity production increased from 500 kW to 1MW Regulation for unlicensed projects published in October 2013.

TURKEY – Potential Installed capacity of less than 15 MW, Second highest solar irradiation in Europe after Spain, Solar Energy potential of 380 billion kWh/year, Total Installed Capacity of 60 GW.

WORLD PV MARKET - EUROPE In Europe, first time in history, PV installations in year 2011 surpassed any other installations including fossil fuels. PV has become the most installed energy source in Europe in year 2011.

WORLD PV MARKET (Wp/person)

WORLD PV MARKET Over the last decade, PV technology has shown the potential to become a major source of power generation for the world – with robust and continuous growth even during times of financial and economic crisis. That growth is expected to continue in the years ahead as worldwide awareness of the advantages of PV increases. At the end of 2009, the world’s PV cumulative installed capacity was approaching 23 GW. One year later it was 40 GW. In 2012, approximately 100 GW are installed globally and could produce 120 TWh of electricity every year. This energy volume is sufficient to cover the annual power supply needs of over 40 million households.

Energy Vision for All Countries 1. %100 Renewable Energy 2. Utilizing fossil fuels as «Raw Materials» 3. Energy Efficiency, 4. City Planning and changing the arcitectural design of housing, 6. Solar Electric Vehicles to be utilized, 7. Everything can be utilized within the natural cycle and could be sustainable (excess heat), 8. Micro Grid Systems (Distributed Generation) and Inter Grid Lines 9. Full Support for all the R&D Efforts from public and private sectors.

OBRIGADO H. Serhan Süzer Honorary Consul of Costa Rica Member of Greenpeace Founder of Turkish Foodbank Association Süzer Group’s 3rd Generation Executive CEO of Eko Renewable Energy Inc. Personal Blog: serhansuzer.com