Chapters 8 & 9 REVIEW

Second Great Awakening 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized along with the need for personal and social improvement Revivals: an emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching and prayer Brought Christianity to enslaved African Americans

Transcendentalism Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination Civil disobedience: the refusal to obey those laws which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about a change in governmental policy Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

Prison Reform Used her personal experiences at a Massachusetts jail to pass reforms for the mentally ill Emphasized the idea of rehabilitation Dorothea Dix

Abolition Movement to end slavery Emancipation: freeing of slaves William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Frederick Douglass Nat Turner

Women and Reform Cult of domesticity: belief that women should restrict their activities to their home and family Temperance movement: an effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol Seneca Falls Convention: woman's rights convention--the first ever held in the United States Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojourner Truth

Manifest Destiny Belief that God wanted the U.S. to expand across the continent- Americans meant to control the West Moved west for cheap land, trade opportunities, escape religious persecution, seek employment

Oregon Trail Started in Missouri and ended in Oregon Traveled with Conestoga wagons or pushed handcarts loaded with few possessions Trip took months and fever, diarrhea, and cholera killed many travelers By 1844 about 5,000 American settlers had arrived in Oregon and were farming the fertile landscape

Resolving Territorial Disputes 1844 Democrat James K. Polk’s presidential platform called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Territory Used slogan “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” – Referred to the latitude 54’40, the northern limit of the disputed Oregon Territory By mid-1840s fur trade was in decline and England was not as interested in the territory 1846 both countries agreed to extend the mainland boundary with Canada from the Rocky Mts to the Puget Sound (Seattle)

Texas Independence Mexican gov’t encouraged American farmers to settle Texas In 1821, 1823, and 1824 Mexico offered large land grants to agents called empresarios – These agents attracted American settlers who eagerly bought the land in return for obeying Mexican laws and practicing Roman Catholicism American colony grew in Texas so Stephen Austin (empresario) asked Mexico for greater self-government – Said no and threw Austin in Jail War broke out- “Remember the Alamo” Texas became own republic in 1836 Texas wanted US to annex (incorporate) them into nation but citizens divided on another slave state coming into the union 1845: Texas admitted to the union

The Alamo Mexican president Santa Anna was upset with Austin’s request for greater self-governance Marched with troops (4,000) towards San Antonio to force Texas to obey laws he established At the same time, Texans began a call to arm themselves In late 1835 Texans attacked and were able to drive Mexican troops from an abandoned mission known as the Alamo Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and all 137 U.S. defenders were killed – Davy Crockett

War with Mexico President Polk wanted war with Mexico to gain land Provoked Mexicans with blockade of Rio Grande US divided: North did not want war but South did because most likely be a slave state Americans sent an exploration party into California and 11 Americans killed- Congress declares war Troops pushed into New Mexico, Cali and Mexico 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Ended war – US gained Cali, NM, Nevada, Arizona and parts of Colorado and Wyoming