Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb CHAPTER 1 THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

You Can Lead the Horses to Water But Unfortunately You Cannot Make Them Drink!

So the secret to learning is exposed!!! It is repetition and everyone can do it!!! The last question is how much repetition do we need? It is an individual solution as individuals have different gifts and talents. We are not all savants. Find what you need to do and go for it!!

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES CONTINUED Name and describe the three major planes of the body or organ. Hint: Begin to study material now! Good students often review a chapter over 20 times before taking exams! Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to be succesful!

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES – DID WE LEARN THIS? Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe the relationship between structure and function. Define basic directional terms. Describe the anatomical position. Describe the major cavities of the body.

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES CONTINUED Describe the levels of organization of the body and give major characteristics of each level. List the organ systems. Define homeostasis and explain why it is important. Describe the negative-feedback system and the positive-feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.

10% of human dry weight comes from bacteria. A fingernail or toenail takes about 6 months to grow from base to tip. A human being loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day. An average human scalp has 100,000 hairs. What ??

FUN THINGS TO KNOW 11% of the world is left-handed. 1 out of every 113 people in the world will die in About 10,000,000 people have the same birthday as you. Every time you lick a stamp, you’re consuming 1/10 of a calorie.calorie Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.

SLIDE 1.1 The Human Body – An Orientation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

SLIDE 1.2A Anatomy – Levels of Study Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1

SLIDE 1.2B Anatomy – Levels of Study Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Chemical level- inorganic (water) and organic (fats) study the chemical substances essential for life Cells - smallest living units of structure *Tissue -group of cells with similar structure and function Organ - group of tissue to perform specific function Organ system- group of organs contribute a specific function

SLIDE 1.3 Levels of Structural Organization Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

SLIDE 1.17A Survival Needs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

SLIDE 1.17B Survival Needs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

SLIDE 1.4 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

???????? Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. Humans shed and re-grow outer skin cells about every 27 days. The largest human organ is the skin, with a surface area of about 25 square feet. ON to more!!

SLIDE 1.5 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal *Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

A human has a bone just after the spine ends, which helps proves that humans once had tails (possibly). 25% of a human’s bones are in its feet. The only bone in the human body not connected to another is the hyoid. The longest bone is "FEMUR" or "THIGH BONE. The smallest bone is "STAPES" present in middle ear ENAMEL (teeth) is the hardest part of our body.

SLIDE 1.6 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

It takes 17 muscles to smile, 43 to frown and 47 muscles to STARE. The largest muscle in our body is the Gluteus. Jaw muscles can provide about 200 pounds of force to bring the back teeth together for chewing. The human body has over 600 muscles, 40% of the body’s weight. The longest muscle in the human body is the Sartorius. Human bodies produce 70 kg of ATP (a molecule that stores energy, permitting us to do nearly everything the body does) per day.

SLIDE 1.7 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous *By electro-chemical impules Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

The human brain is about 85% water. There are 45 miles of nerves in the skin of a human being. NERVES can send impulses at a speed of 360 km/hr. NOSE can smell different smells. Ears can detect 1500 different sounds. HUMAN EYE can detect 10,000 colors. You can visualize a 200 degree wide angle. The maximum amount of times we blink a day is about 30 minutes.

A human head remains conscious for about 15 to 20 seconds after it is been decapitated. A human’s scent membrane in the nose is about the size of a postage stamp. If you go blind in one eye, you’ll only lose about one-fifth of your vision (but all your depth perception).

SLIDE 1.8 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system.

Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular/Circul atory* Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

SLIDE 1.10 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

SLIDE 1.11 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

SLIDE 1.12 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

SLIDE 1.13 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary *Eliminates waste products from the blood Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

SLIDE 1.14 Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring- *Continues the human species Figure 1.2k

SLIDE 1.18 Homeostasis – in good health Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

SLIDE 1.19A Maintaining Homeostasis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

SLIDE 1.19B Maintaining Homeostasis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

SLIDE 1.20A Feedback Mechanisms Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms *Shuts off or reverses the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity decreases stimulus Works like a household thermostat

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Figure 1.5b

PLANES AND SECTIONS Frontal- divides the body into front and back *Sagittal- into right and left portions *midsagittal- equal right and left portions (e.g. deltoids) *Cross section- plane perpendicular to the long axis e.g. cross section of the intestine hollow circle (transports)

Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

BODY CAVITIES Thoracic – heart and lungs Abdominal – liver, stomach, intestines * Pelvic -urinary bladder, reproductive organs Ventral cavity contains (*toward the front) *Abdominal and thoracic separated by the diaphragm

Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7

BODY CAVITIES AND THEIR MEMBRANES Abdominal organs are covered by the *peritoneum* Membranes of the thoracic cavity; *Visceral pleura- covers the lungs *Parietal pleura- lines the thoracic cavity

THORACIC CAVITY *Organs: heart and lungs Membranes: pleural membrane Heart has its own set of membranes called pericardial membranes (3)

ABDOMINAL CAVITY Organs: liver, stomach and intestines Membranes: peritoneum (lines entire abdominal wall) *Mesentery-a continuation of peritoneum folded and covering the outer surfaces of the abd organs.

PELVIC CAVITY *Organs: urinary bladder and reproductive

Normal temp degrees F Normal pulse Normal respirations Are these examples of different systems working together? What is the end result for the body when these are all working together properly?

Homeostasis

Blondes have more hair than dark-haired people. Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels. Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Fingerprints serve a function - they provide traction for the fingers to grasp things.