بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم یا مهدی ادرکنی

Anatomy is a descriptive science which describe:  1-Position of organs  2-Relation &communication to each other  3-Shape & size  4-General feature  5-Structure  6-Function (Physiology)

Anatomical sciences include  Developmental anatomy (Embryology)  Microscopic anatomy( histology include cytology)  Macroscopic (gross)anatomy Systematic Systematic Regional (topographical) Regional (topographical) Head & neck Head & neck Trunk Trunk Extremity Extremity clinical anatomy, surgical anatomy, comparative anatomy, surface anatomy clinical anatomy, surgical anatomy, comparative anatomy, surface anatomy

Terminology

Anatomical position

Planes of the body  Sagittal, Midsagittal (midline) Medial Medial Lateral Lateral Middle (intermediate) Middle (intermediate)

 Coronal plane (Frontal) Anterior (Ventral) Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Posterior (Dorsal)  Transverse plane (Horizontal) (Horizontal) Superior(Cephalic Superior(Cephalic or upper) or upper) Inferior (Caudal Inferior (Caudal or lower or lower

Terminology Proximal & Distal Proximal & Distal Superficial & Deep (profunda) Superficial & Deep (profunda) External & Internal External & Internal Palmar & Dorsal Palmar & Dorsal Plantar & Dorsal Plantar & Dorsal

Cavity  Ventral cavity Chest Chest Abdominal Abdominal Pelvic Pelvic  Dorsal cavity Cranial Cranial Vertebral Vertebral Appendices Appendices

Human skeleton: 1-Axial skull skull vertebral column vertebral column sternum sternum ribs ribs 2-Appendicular 2-Appendicular upper &lower limb upper &lower limb

Skeletal system The vertebral column RibsSternum

General characteristics of a vertebrae  body  Vertebral arch o pedicles o laminae  process: 1 spinous process (spine), 2 transverse processes, 2 sup. Articular processes, 1 spinous process (spine), 2 transverse processes, 2 sup. Articular processes, 2 inf. Articular processes, 2 inf. Articular processes, - intervertebral foramina - intervertebral foramina  Vertebral foramen

Cervical vertebrae Cervical vertebra

Thoracic vertebrae

Body increases in size caudally Has pairs of facet on each side superior larger 10 th, 11 th & 12 th have one facet 10 th, 11 th & 12 th have one facet

Lumbar vertebrae Body large size Absence of articular facet Vertebral foramen is triangular Pedicle is short

32 Lumbar vertebra

sacrum

Coccyx Small triangular bone Fusion of lower three vertebrae Base oval & has; Articular facet Articular facet Cornua Cornua Transverse Transverse process process

Vertebral colomn *Curvature in sagittal plane  primary: Thoracic= kyphotic Thoracic= kyphotic Sacral = kyphotic Sacral = kyphotic  secondary: Cervical= lordotic Cervical= lordotic Lumbar= lordotic Lumbar= lordotic

Abnormal curvatures of VC

Rib (costae)  12 pairs curved, flat bones  Joints with vertebra & sternum  Increase in length from first to seventh diminishing to the 12 th

Ribs  True ribs: first seven ribs first seven ribs  False ribs: 8 th to 10 th ribs 8 th to 10 th ribs  Floating (free) ribs: 11 th & 12 th ribs 11 th & 12 th ribs

Typical ribs  Head: crest of the head  Neck  Tubercle  Shaft: costal angle, costal groove

Atypical rib = دنده غیرمعمولی

First rib Shortest & broad Body has : 1-Superior surface 1-Superior surface scalene tubercle scalene tubercle groove for subclavian vein & artery groove for subclavian vein & artery 2-Inferior surface 2-Inferior surface

Sternum  Manubrium: at the level of the T3 & T4 vertebra manubriosternal joint manubriosternal joint  Body: at the level of the T5-T9 xiphisternal joint  Xiphoid process: at the level of T10

Sternum Consists: *Cranial part *Cranial part (manubrium) (manubrium) *Intermediate (body) *Intermediate (body) *Caudal (xiphoid) *Caudal (xiphoid)

Thoracic Cage = Chest = Thorax قفسه سینه

Flail chest

Thoracotomy

Scoliosis

Thoracotomy