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Elements  Co- Cobalt  Zn- Zinc  Au- Gold  Cd- Cadmium  Co- Cobalt  Zn- Zinc  Au- Gold  Cd- Cadmium

Atomic Number + Mass  Co- 27; 58.9  Zn- 30; 65.4  Au- 79; 197  Cd- 48;  Co- 27; 58.9  Zn- 30; 65.4  Au- 79; 197  Cd- 48; 112.4

Valence Electrons  Co- 2  Zn- 2  Au- 1,2,3  Cd- 2  Co- 2  Zn- 2  Au- 1,2,3  Cd- 2

Electron Config.  Co- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7  Zn- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10  Au- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9  Cd- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10  Co- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7  Zn- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10  Au- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9  Cd- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10

Melting and Boiling Point  Co- 1768k; 3200k  Zn k; k  Au k, 3129k  Cd k; 1040k  Co- 1768k; 3200k  Zn k; k  Au k, 3129k  Cd k; 1040k

Color  Co- blue  Zn- bluish gray  Au- orange-yellow  Cd- dark red  Co- blue  Zn- bluish gray  Au- orange-yellow  Cd- dark red

Atomic Size  Co- 125  Zn- 134  Au- 144  Cd- 149  Co- 125  Zn- 134  Au- 144  Cd- 149

Density  Co-8.86g per cubic centimeter  Zn- 7.04g  Au- 19.3g  Cd-8.64g  Co-8.86g per cubic centimeter  Zn- 7.04g  Au- 19.3g  Cd-8.64g

Crystal Structure  Co- Hexagonal  Zn- Hexagonal  Au- Cubic face centered  Cd- Cubic  Co- Hexagonal  Zn- Hexagonal  Au- Cubic face centered  Cd- Cubic

Ionization Energy  Co kj mol-1  Zn kj mol-1  Au kj mol-1  Cd kj mol-1  Co kj mol-1  Zn kj mol-1  Au kj mol-1  Cd kj mol-1

Electronegativity  Co- 1.8  Zn- 1.6  Au- 2.4  Cd- 1.7  Co- 1.8  Zn- 1.6  Au- 2.4  Cd- 1.7

Ion Formation  Co- Smaller  Zn- Smaller  Au- Smaller  Cd- Smaller  Co- Smaller  Zn- Smaller  Au- Smaller  Cd- Smaller

Ionic Charge  Co- 3  Zn- 2  Au- 3  Cd- 2  Co- 3  Zn- 2  Au- 3  Cd- 2

Ionic Size  Co pm  Zn- 88 pm  Au- 151 pm  Cd- 109 pm  Co pm  Zn- 88 pm  Au- 151 pm  Cd- 109 pm

Properties  Co- Cobalt is a bluish-white, lustrous, hard, brittle metal. It is ferromagnetic. The metal is active chemically, forming many compounds.  Zn- Zinc is a bluish-silver, lustrous metal that tarnishes in moist air, producing a layer of carbonate. It is somewhat brittle at room temperature but malleable above 100 oC. Zinc reacts with both acids and alkalis. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame producing white clouds of the oxide.  Au- Gold is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It is a soft, yellow, metal with a beautiful lustrous sheen. It is the most malleable and ductile of all the elements and a single gram can be beaten into a sheet one square meter sheet of gold leaf  Cd- Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish- white metal, which is easily cut with a knife. It is an excellent electrical conductor and shows good resistance to corrosion and attack by chemicals. It is similar in many respects to zinc in its chemical properties. Cadmium tarnishes in air and is soluble in acids but not in alkalis. The metal burns in air to form brown cadmium oxide.  Co- Cobalt is a bluish-white, lustrous, hard, brittle metal. It is ferromagnetic. The metal is active chemically, forming many compounds.  Zn- Zinc is a bluish-silver, lustrous metal that tarnishes in moist air, producing a layer of carbonate. It is somewhat brittle at room temperature but malleable above 100 oC. Zinc reacts with both acids and alkalis. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame producing white clouds of the oxide.  Au- Gold is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It is a soft, yellow, metal with a beautiful lustrous sheen. It is the most malleable and ductile of all the elements and a single gram can be beaten into a sheet one square meter sheet of gold leaf  Cd- Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish- white metal, which is easily cut with a knife. It is an excellent electrical conductor and shows good resistance to corrosion and attack by chemicals. It is similar in many respects to zinc in its chemical properties. Cadmium tarnishes in air and is soluble in acids but not in alkalis. The metal burns in air to form brown cadmium oxide.

Compounds Formed  Co- Nitrates, oxides, chlorides  Zn- Oxides, nitrates, chlorides, hydrides  Au- Oxides, chlorides  Cd- Nitrates, oxides, chlorides, hydrides  Co- Nitrates, oxides, chlorides  Zn- Oxides, nitrates, chlorides, hydrides  Au- Oxides, chlorides  Cd- Nitrates, oxides, chlorides, hydrides

General Uses/Weird Facts  Co-Cobalt is used in alloys for aircraft engine parts and in alloys with corrosion/wear resistant uses. Cobalt is widely used in batteries and in and ceramics. Radioactive 60Co is used in the treatment of cancer. Cobalt is essential to many living creatures and is a component of vitamin B12.  Zn-Zinc is used to galvanize iron to inhibit corrosion. Zinc forms many alloys with other metals such as brass, German silver, nickel silver, typewriter metal and solders. Zinc alloys are used in die-castings for the car industry. The metal acts as both the container and as an electrode in zinc-carbon batteries. The drawback of this dual use is that the electrode is consumed when the battery is in use, getting thinner until eventually the battery starts leaking. Zinc is an essential trace element for animals and plants. electroplating. Cobalt salts are used to impart blue and green colors in glass  Co-Cobalt is used in alloys for aircraft engine parts and in alloys with corrosion/wear resistant uses. Cobalt is widely used in batteries and in and ceramics. Radioactive 60Co is used in the treatment of cancer. Cobalt is essential to many living creatures and is a component of vitamin B12.  Zn-Zinc is used to galvanize iron to inhibit corrosion. Zinc forms many alloys with other metals such as brass, German silver, nickel silver, typewriter metal and solders. Zinc alloys are used in die-castings for the car industry. The metal acts as both the container and as an electrode in zinc-carbon batteries. The drawback of this dual use is that the electrode is consumed when the battery is in use, getting thinner until eventually the battery starts leaking. Zinc is an essential trace element for animals and plants. electroplating. Cobalt salts are used to impart blue and green colors in glass

General Uses/Weird Facts Cont.  Au- Gold is widely used in jewelry and coinage. It is also used in dental work as crowns, as gold plating for decoration and as gold thread in embroidery work. Many satellites carry gold- coated mylar sheets as a solar heat shield because gold is an excellent reflector of radiation and unreactive. Similarly astronaut's helmet visors are coated with a thin layer of gold to guard against dangerous effects of solar radiation.  Cd- Cadmium is used in alloys for bearings. Cadmium is used in low melting alloys and is a component of many kinds of solder. It is also is used in electroplating.  And there are many other uses for all of these.  Au- Gold is widely used in jewelry and coinage. It is also used in dental work as crowns, as gold plating for decoration and as gold thread in embroidery work. Many satellites carry gold- coated mylar sheets as a solar heat shield because gold is an excellent reflector of radiation and unreactive. Similarly astronaut's helmet visors are coated with a thin layer of gold to guard against dangerous effects of solar radiation.  Cd- Cadmium is used in alloys for bearings. Cadmium is used in low melting alloys and is a component of many kinds of solder. It is also is used in electroplating.  And there are many other uses for all of these.

Exceptions/Why they are placed in this group  none