DNA Replication

Watson and Crick- discovered DNA shape Rosalind Franklin- discovered double helix

Structure: Phosphate-sugar backbone Bases held together with hydrogen bonds A=T G=C

DNA Replication- DNA makes an EXACT COPY of itself for cell division

How DNA Replicates: 5 steps 1.Helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strand. 2. Primase primes the DNA for replication. 3. DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides

How DNA Replicates: 5 steps 4. Ligase glues the nucleotide together (hydrogen bonds) 5. The 2 strands are proofread Two new DNA molecules are formed, one for each nucleus!

Leading strand 5’ to 3’ only – Follows helicase – Continuous Lagging strand – 3’ to 5’ - Okazaki fragments (small pieces of new DNA) created and later linked together by Ligase (glues) - Discontinuous

Protein Synthesis Set up cornell notes!

Making cookies! I need a recipe, so I go online (where all the instructions are!) and print off what I need. I take that recipe into the kitchen and start cooking using the ingredients I have.

Protein Synthesis Proteins are long chains of amino acids Protein synthesis is a two step process: 1.Transcription 2.Translation

Transcription - messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from DNA template pattern. Occurs in the nucleus Script- all letters! RNA polymerase makes RNA

Transcription steps: 1.Initiation (starts) 2.Elongation (adding nucleotides) 3.Termination (ends)

TATA Box A TATA box is a DNA sequence that indicates where transcription can begin.

Codon- a 3 base sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA) which is code for a specific amino acid.

Intron - nonsense DNA that’s removed from mRNA by splicing (cutting) Exon - remains after splicing. Exons EXIT the nucleus.

Translation- amino acids s are assembled with mRNA and tRNA (transfer RNA) at a ribosome 1.A tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon. The tRNA is carrying an amino acid. 2.A peptide bond forms between each amino acid and forms a protein.

Stand up, get a partner and talk about this: Transcription makes ___________ from ________. Translation makes_____________ from ____________.

Making cookies! I need a recipe, so I go online (where all the instructions are!) and print off what I need. I take that recipe into the kitchen and start cooking using the ingredients I have.

The Protein Synthesis coloring page is due tomorrow! Get started now and work until the bell rings, remember to READ!

Mutations- mistakes in DNA not caught by proofreading proteins. Can be good, bad, or neutral Changes the sequence of DNA

Point Mutations- a change in a single base pair of DNA. *Substitution The cat ate the rat. The car ate the rat. The t was changed for r Frameshift Mutations- a mutation that shifts the reading of codons *Deletion- a single base is DELETED The cat ate the rat The ata tet her at. The c was deleted *Duplication- a single base is DUPLICATED The cat ate the rat. The eca tat eth era. The e was duplicated *Insertion- a single base INSERTED The cat ate the rat. The cat aat eth era. The a was inserted