The Need for Prevention through Design In Civil Engineering Curricula 1 Mike Toole, PhD, PE Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering, Bucknell University ASEE Annual Conference NOLA June 28, 2016

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OVERVIEW  PtD concept  Ties to important broadening topics  Ways to add to CEE Curricula  Educational resources Work premises and facilities Tools and equipment Processes Products Work methods and organization of work Prevention through Design = Design for Safety = Engineering for Safety

PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN (PTD) “Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work- related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” (

PTD IN CIVIL ENG/CONSTRUCTION IS…  Explicitly considering construction safety in the design of a project.  Being conscious of and valuing the safety of construction workers when performing design tasks.  Making design decisions based in part on a design element's inherent safety risk to construction workers. “Safety Constructability”

WHY PTD? ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS IN U.S.  Nearly 200,000 serious injuries  1,000+ deaths

PTD EXAMPLE: DRILLING  Design spec:  Dig groundwater monitoring wells at various locations.  Wells located directly under overhead power lines.  Accident:  Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines.  Engineer could have:  specified wells be dug away from power lines; and/or  better informed the contractor of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.

PTD EXAMPLES: BUILDING ENVELOPES Parapet walls Concrete Wall Panels Concrete Segmented Bridge

Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety Published by the National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America PTD EXAMPLE: STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

The Erector Friendly Column  Include holes in columns at 21” and 42” for guardrail cables and at higher locations for fall protection tie-offs  Locate column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor Photo: AISC educator ppt

 Provide enough space for making connections

 Know approximate dimensions of necessary tools to make connections Photo: AISC educator ppt

PTD AROUND THE GLOBE  Required in UK since 1995  Required in Europe, Singapore, S. Africa  Increasingly demanded in the Process Industry  NIOSH PtD National Initiative  OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable  ANSI/ASSE PtD Standard (Z )  LEED Pilot Credit

WHY TEACH PTD? PROFESSIONAL ETHICS  National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics:  Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.  American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Code of Ethics:  Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering decisions ….

WHY TEACH PTD? SUSTAINABILITY Environmental EconomicSocial Sustainability

SBD’S TIE TO SUSTAINABILITY  Definition of Sustainable Development in Brundtland Commission Report (1987)  Focus on people as much as on the environment  Meet the needs of people who can’t speak for themselves 16

PTD AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY  Do not our duties include minimizing all risks that we have control over?  Do not we have the same duties for construction, maintenance, line workers as for the “public”?  Is it ethical to create designs that are not as safe as they could (practically) be?

WHY TEACH PTD? GOOD DESIGN PRINCIPLES  Ability to influence safety is greatest early in the project schedule during planning and design (Szymberski, 1997)

HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS Reliability of Control Elimination Eliminate the hazard during design Substitution Substitute a less-hazardous material or form during design Engineering Controls “Design-in” engineering controls, Incorporate warning systems Administrative Controls Well-designed work methods & organization PPE Available, effective, easy to use PtD Lower Higher

PTD AND BIM 20

RELEVANT ABET A-K CRITERIA  (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability  (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility  (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context  (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues  (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice. 21

ADDING PTD TO CIVIL ENG. CURRICULUM  Parallels to adding sustainability to curricula  Principles and applications embedded in multiple courses  Steel, Concrete, Masonry  Geotechnical, Transportation, Water Resources  Focused courses  Sustainability: Environmental, Economic and Social  Construction Safety  BIM / Integrated design and construction 22

PTD EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES  NIOSH course modules 23

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PTD EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES  NIOSH course modules  NIOSH textbook examples  UK, Australian online resources 25

SUMMARY  Need for PtD in Civil Engineering curricula driven by:  Engineering ethics  Increasing emphases on sustainability and integrated design and construction  Growth of BIM  Innovations always face challenges  This educational innovation must be lead by Civil Engineering faculty

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!  Questions, comments?  Mike Toole   27

WHY PTD? TANGIBLE BENEFITS  Reduced site hazards  Fewer worker injuries and fatalities  Reduced workers’ compensation premiums  Increased productivity and quality  Fewer delays due to accidents  Encourages designer-constructor collaboration  Improved operations/maint. safety