Patrick Henry’s “Speech to the Virginia Convention” Mrs. Satterthwaite Ms. Honeycutt

Metaphor Definition: a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of such specific words of comparison as like, as, than, or resembles

Examples of Metaphors All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ~William Shakespeare Art washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life. ~Pablo Picasso All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree. ~Albert Einstein Chaos is a friend of mine. ~Bob Dylan A hospital bed is a parked taxi with the meter running. ~Groucho Marx

Rhetorical Question Definition: a question asked for an effect, not actually requiring an answer

Examples of Rhetorical Questions How many roads must a man walk down, before you call him a man? ~Bob Dylan Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution? ~H.L. Mencken What business is it of yours? Are you blind? How could you? Who let the dogs out?

Allusion Definition: A reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or some other branch of culture.

Examples of Literary Allusion “I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi. “When she lost her job, she acted like a Scrooge, and refused to buy anything that wasn’t necessary.” Scrooge was an extremely stingy character from Charles Dickens’, A Christmas Carol. “I thought the software would be useful, but it was a Trojan Horse.” This refers to the horse that the Greeks built that contained all the soldiers. It was given as a gift to the enemy during the Trojan War and, once inside the enemy's walls, the soldiers broke out. By using trickery, the Greeks won the war. “He was a real Romeo with the ladies.” Romeo was a character in Shakespeare’s play, Romeo and Juliet, and was very romantic in expressing his love for Juliet. “Chocolate was her Achilles’ heel.” This means that her weakness was her love of chocolate. Achilles is a character in Greek mythology who was invincible. His mother dipped him in magical water when he was a baby, and she held him by the heel. The magic protected him all over, except for his heel.

Examples of Biblical Allusion “He was a Good Samaritan yesterday when he helped the lady start her car.” This refers to the biblical story of the Good Samaritan. “She turned the other cheek after she was cheated out of a promotion.” This comes from teaching of Jesus that you should not get revenge. “This place is like a Garden of Eden.” The Garden of Eden was the paradise God made for Adam and Eve. “You are a Solomon when it comes to making decisions.” This refers to King Solomon, who was very wise. “When the volcano erupted, the nearby forest was swallowed up in dust and ash like Jonah.” Jonah was a person who was swallowed alive by a whale. “It is raining so hard, I hope it doesn’t rain for 40 days and 40 nights.” This makes a reference to the biblical story of Noah and the ark he built. He was told by God that it would rain for 40 days and 40 nights and flood the land.

Persuasion One of the four forms of discourse (narrative, informative/explanatory, argument/persuasion, description) which uses reason and emotional appeals to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.

Claim A statement about what is true or what should be done/believed. Example: High school should start an hour later each day.

Counter-claim OR Concession A statement that disagrees with the original claim. Example: High school needs to start at 7:35 a.m. so buses can take both high school and elementary school students to school.

Rebuttal OR Refutation A statement about why the counter- argument isn’t valid. Example: Elementary-aged students go to bed earlier and are able to get up earlier, so the bus schedule should be flip-flopped.

Evidence OR Reasons Statements that support a given claim, usually including specific examples. Example 1: High school students stay up later, so they need to sleep in later in order to be able to better process information.

Evidence OR Reason #2 Statements that support a given claim, usually including specific examples. Evidence: A new study published in the “American Journal” found that students at a New England boarding school were more motivated after their start time was pushed back from 8 a.m. to 8:30.

Tone A writer or speaker’s attitude towards the subject and/or his/her audience. Example: I cannot believe that adults actually think it’s okay for students to get up before 8 a.m. every day! Tone is informal Diction (word choice) is consistent with the way teenagers speak today

Audience The people who are watching, reading or listening to someone’s argument. Example: The Superintendent would be a good audience for a piece about switching the elementary and high school start times.

Appeals Logos = logical Ethos = ethical/believable/expert source Pathos = emotional

Logos -Persuading by the use of reason -Most commonly uses statistics or facts from credible sources Example: Over 80 percent of students surveyed said they would perform better in school if they were able to sleep in later.

Ethos -Persuading by the character of the author or expert referenced -We tend to believe someone that we respect or someone that we believe to be an authority on a subject. Example: Doctor and sleep specialist Richard Persaud says he believes teenagers need at least eight hours of sleep each night in order to perform well in school.

Pathos -Persuading by use of emotion. -You have an emotional reaction or you can place yourself in the other person’s shoes. -Pathos can be accomplished through personal or vivid stories or visual images. Example: Parent Sally Henson said she wishes she could have had one more day with her daughter, who fell asleep at the wheel on her way to school one morning.

Patrick Henry’S Speech http://www.history.org/almanack/life/politics/giveme.cfm Open your book to page 102 Follow along with the recording

Patrick Henry’s Speech Analysis In a small group, answer these questions: 1. What is Patrick Henry’s claim? 2. What evidence/reasons does he provide? 3. What are the counter-arguments to his claims? 4. What is the tone of this piece? 5. Who is his audience? 6. Is he using ethos, logos, and/or pathos in his argumentation? 7. What makes his speech effective?

Individual Assignment Answer questions 2, 3 and 4 on page 105 in COMPLETE SENTENCES. You don’t need to copy the question, but write the question into your response. Example: 2. In paragraph four, Henry uses the metaphor _____ to compare _____ and _____.