Dr. R. Hylands ULTRASOUNDOGRPAHY CHAPTER 13 Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2 U/S Controls and Touch Screen Touch Screen Mechanical Buttons Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3 U/S Controls Important Ones to Know On-Off switch Patient Input Transducer/frequency selection Selection of specific presets Abdomen vs. cardiac Depth selection/focal zone adjustment Focus and gain adjustments Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4 The U/S beam first starts off as electrical energy that becomes mechanical (sound wave). The sound wave is transmitted into the tissue, then returned. The returning echo is received by the transducer and it is reverted back to electrical energy to create the digital image. Transducers The probe or transducer consists of multiple aligned rows of PIEZOELECTRIC crystal that, when excited, can convert on form of energy into another. Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

5 Transducers Micro convex Phased array Convex Linear Small parts and abdomen Cardiac studies Large abdomens High resolution Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

6 Terminology Echogenicity Anechoic Hypoechoic Isoechoic Hyperechoic Complex echogenicity Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

7 Anechoic Density Urinary bladder Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

8 Hypoechoic Density Less echoic than surrounding tissues Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

9 Hyperechoic Density Brighter—more echogenic than surrounding tissues—bladder stones Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

10 Complex Echogenicity A tissue that contains areas that are hyperechoic and areas that are hypoechoic Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

11 Performing the Exam Position Dorsal recumbency Lateral or oblique recumbency Intercostal or subcostal approach Patient Positioning Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

12 Renal Ultrasound Imaging Ultrasound delineates fine anatomic detail. Hypoechoic imaging represents fluid in the renal tubules. Lighter areas are more cellular whereas darker one have more fluid density. Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

13 Renal Ultrasound Imaging KIDNEY TUMOR KIDNEY INFECTION RENAL LYMPHOMA RENAL BLOOD FLOW RENAL VESSELS BOCKED URETER Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

14 Intestinal Ultrasound Normal Layering of the Jejunum Normal Inflamed mucosaSpasmodic intestine As seen on ultrasound Abdominal Radiograph LYMPHOMA Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

15 Adrenal Glands Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

16 Urinary Bladder Infection Tumor Stones Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

17 Liver Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

18 Cardiac Imaging Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

19 Ocular Exams Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

20 Artifact Acoustic Shadowing At soft tissue—mineral interface (Urolith material in the bladder) Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

21 Artifact Reverberation At Soft tissue—Gas interface (Gas in the intestine) Brown: Lavin’s Radiography for Veterinary Technicians Copyright © 2014, 2007, 2003, 1999, 1994 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.