Cognitive Neuroscience (Psychology 460) Summer Quarter Mondays & Wednesdays 12:00 – 2:10pm This course will focus on answering the question, “How are cognitive behaviors produced by the human brain?” Topics include language, attention, action, cognitive control, and memory. The course will involve lectures, discussions, demonstrations, and tours of some of the neuroscientific tools we have on the UW campus.

Episodic vs Semantic Memories Explicit vs Implicit Memory Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 05/02/2016: Lecture 06-1 Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create the slides. The macros aren’t needed to view the slides. You can disable or delete the macros without any change to the presentation.

Outline What is the Evidence for the Distinction Between STM and LTM? Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory What Builds Strong Memories? Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr ‘16 3 Lecture probably ends here How Do We Know that STM & LTM Are Different Systems? Serial Position Curve

Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 4 How Do We Know that STM and LTM Involve Different Brain Mechanisms? Assumption of separate STM & LTM explains facts about the serial position curve. Show Exp Results for Primacy & Recency

Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 5 Figure 6.4: Red solid line: Serial position curve Blue dotted line: Number of times a word in each position was rehearsed. STM/LTM Distinction Explains Primacy & Recency Figure 6.4 Effect of Overt Rehearsal % Recalled Serial Position Number of Rehearsals How to Prove that Recency Effect Due to Retention in STM? Serial Position Figure 6.5 Effect of Counting Backwards % Recalled No recency effect Figure 6.5: Dashed line shows effect of counting backwards by 3’s for 30 seconds after presentation of list. Counting backwards prevents retention of words in STM, so recency effect disappears.

Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 6 How Do We Know that STM and LTM Involve Different Brain Mechanisms? (Conclusion) Assumption of separate STM & LTM explains facts about the serial position curve. Neuropsych evidence of double dissociation between STM & LTM. o HM & Clive Wearing had normal memory span, e.g., 5-8 digits o KF had reduced memory span, e.g., about 2 digits. LTM was ok. Bottom Line: Most but not all cognitive psychologists accept that STM (WM) and LTM are different mechanisms. Episodic vs Semantic Memory + Surprise Memory Test Items STMLTM HM, Clive WearingOKImpaired K. F.ImpairedOK

Next: Episodic Memory vs Semantic Memory, But First, an Example (to be discussed later) ELK SHIP PEAR Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 7 Diagram of Memory Systems

Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 8 Episodic & Semantic Memory Episodic vs Semantic Memory – Some Examples

Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 9 Episodic versus Semantic Memory – Some Examples "I remember parking my car this morning." "I remember the big earthquake in 1963." "I remember that wolves are bigger than coyotes." "I remember that Olympia is south of Seattle." "I remember Beth's telling me to be at the meeting on Thursday." “Barack Obama won the 2012 presidential election." A subject in a memory experiment says, "I remember seeing the word, 'watermelon' on the list you showed me." E E E E S S Double Dissociations Between Episodic & Semantic Memory maybe E, maybe S maybe both

Recall versus Recognition Tests Recall Test: Can you remember the words that I displayed a few minutes ago? Write them down. Recognition Test: Which of these words were displayed at the beginning of this lecture? Write “yes” or “no” depending on whether a word was or was not displayed at the beginning of the lecture. BOAT PEAR DEER etc. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 10 Same Slide + Question: Do These Tests Involve Episodic or Semantic Memory?

Memory Performance on a Memory Test – Episodic or Semantic? Recall Test: Can you remember the words that I displayed at the beginning of the lecture? Write them down. Recognition Test: Which of these words were displayed at the beginning of this lecture? Write “yes” or “no” depending on whether a word was or was not displayed at the beginning of the lecture. Is your memory performance on these tests an example of episodic memory or semantic memory? Main Point: Recall and recognition tests require episodic memory because they require the subject to remember a specific previous experience. Note that it requires semantic memory to answer, e.g., what is a ship? Is a pear a fruit? But these were not the questions that were asked. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 11 Double Dissociations Btwn Episodic & Semantic Memory

Double Dissociations Between Episodic & Semantic Memory SemanticEpisodic KC, HMOKImpaired Italian woman (KF)ImpairedOK Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 12 Semantic memory intact; episodic memory impaired. o Alzheimer's patient with intact semantic memory, and severely impaired episodic memory. o Patient KC has injury to hippocampus. Lost his episodic memory, but retains semantic memory. Semantic memory impaired; episodic memory intact o KF is a 44 year old Italian woman who had encephalitis. Impaired semantic memory, e.g., could not remember meaning of words on a shopping list; Intact episodic memory, e.g., could remember what she had done fMRI Evidence for Episodic/Semantic Distinction This table is similar to, but not quite identical to Table 6.4, p. 163, in Goldstein 4th ed.

How Do We Know that Episodic and Semantic Memory Are Different Memory Systems? Neuropsychological (fMRI) evidence for double dissociations between episodic & semantic memory. ♦ Pattern of activation is different while recalling episodic & semantic memories. ♦ It should be noted that there is overlap between episodic & semantic memories. Psych 355, Miyamoto, Spr '16 13 Back to Diagram of Memory Systems – Episodic Memory versus Priming Figure 6.8 Yellow: Subject is recalling experiences (episodic). Blue: Subject is recalling facts (semantic).

Psych 355,, Miyamoto, Spr '16 14 Tuesday, May 03, 2016 : The Lecture Ended Here