Organization of a paper: Signposting and punctuation Reference: Swales, J. & Feak, C. 1994. Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.
We’ve been talking about flow… Language of academic papers vocabulary shift Organizing information in a paper paragraphs and sentences Now, to establish a clear connection of ideas… Use linking words and phrases as well as punctuation
Part 1: Linking words and phrases : Can help maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas Can be arranged according to their function and grammatical use
Addition Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase -- Furthermore, In addition, Moreover, Also Additionally, In addition to…
Adversativity Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase Although Even though However, Nevertheless, Despite In spite of
Cause and effect Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase Because Since Thereby Therefore, As a result, Consequently, Hence, Thus**, Because of Due to As a result of
Clarification Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase -- In other words, That is (i.e.)
Contrast Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase While Whereas In contrast, However, On the other hand, Conversely, Unlike
Illustration Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase -- For example, For instance,
Intensification Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase -- On the contrary As a matter of fact, In fact
Parallelism Subordinators: introduce a dependent clause that must be joined to complete a sentence Sentence connectors: Introduce a complete sentence Phrase linkers: Introduce a noun phrase While Simultaneously At the same time --
This (these)+ summary word ESL lecturers know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language. However, this understanding cannot usually be aquired quickly. Refers to the previous phrase (givennew)
Part 2: Punctuation Sentence connectors raise the important issue of punctuation You have to learn the proper use of punctuation in English and in your field We only deal with some punctuation, namely comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) and dash(-)
Semicolon Join two completely independent sentences Work much like a full stop (period) Air traffic delays due to high traffic volume have increased considerably over the last decade; these delays have become a major public policy issue. Can be used with sentence connectors Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.
Semicolon Can be used to separate rather long items in list: Some of the solutions to the air traffic delay problem include increasing the size of airports that routinely experiece flight delays; overhauling the air traffic control system so that more flights can be safely handled; and increasing landing fees. Note that usually you separate items in a list with a comma
Colon and Comma Weaker stops Comma (,) separates items in a list Colon (:) introduces a list Commas used with conjunctions (and, but, or) and subordinators (although, if, whereas) There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather, excessive volume, runway closures, and equipment outages.
Dash Sometimes a dash is used to introduce a list Mostly, though, dash is used to intrude additional information to a sentence, much like brackets (). There are four main causes of airport congestion: bad weather – such as a snowstorm – may ground planes…