AP European History September 2, 2015 By Laura Drewicz Ewing and the Class of 2016 AP Euro Champs

Crisis: events preceding the beginning of “modern” history such as the Black Death/Plague, Hundred Years’ War, Great Schism, Avignon papacy, and peasant revolts threw Europe into crisis mode, out of which significant change emerged. Renaissance: traditionally translated to “rebirth”, this title references the renewed interest in and scholarly focus on Greco-Roman culture and knowledge, which pushes Europe into a period of political, economic, religious, social, intellectual, and artistic change. Middle Ages

New monarchies Art (Northern and Italian as distinct styles) Beginning significance decline of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) Focus on the potential of “man” and resulting reimagining of history, politics, education, and culture Providing the intellectual basis for reform efforts in the RCC eventually leading to the Protestant Reformation Establishing new political dynasties

“feudal lord 27455” [Who is my lord? What is the power structure in my area?] “ways to avoid the plague” [Sticks around Europe until 1771!] “taxes” [As new monarchies grow, what new taxes must I actually now pay attention to?] “rent” [Declining feudalism led to labor in exchange for money] “latin translator” [What did the priest even say in church today? How can I translate it into my vernacular language?]

@LouisSpiderKing: pay the taille or else, noblemen! Or else! #newmonarch no madrigals for me, complex harmony is the new thing stop your religious work and get to representing everyday life #merchanteconomy give up on temporal power the #donation of #Constantine was FORGED! #shotsfired

Feudalism New Monarchies Spokesperson: Ferdinand and Isabella, Henry VII, Charles VII (Louis XI, The Spider King). Charles V (HRE) Centralized power United armies Control over nobles Control over/separation from church  unity of religion Sense of cultural unity Effective taxation Land expansion and retention Establishing dynastic unions (marriage!)

100 Years’ War Avignon Papacy, Great Schism Peasant revolts War of the Roses Establishes Tudor dynasty in England  Henry VIII needs an heir! Uniting Castile and Aragon (1469) 1494 French invasion of Italian peninsula Worry about control over the papacy (1527 Spanish sack Rome) Habsburg-Valois Wars

Exploration and colonization (WE DID NOT READ ABOUT THIS but it is good to remember this as context) Columbus Da Gama Magellan Balboa Conquistadors Columbian Exchange Triangle Trade Slave Trade

Mercantilism (WE DID NOT READ ABOUT THIS but it is good to know for context) New monarchies and growing central authority/building states Exports Importance of merchants Bullion Colonies

Beginning decline in the RCC Avignon papacy (Babylonian Captivity – not literally) Great Schism Unam Santam (Boniface VIII in response to French king) Borgia popes (corruption!) Hussites in Bohemia John Wyclif in England (Lollards) HUMANISM focus on reforming the RCC in the North

Black Death Peasants vs. nobles Wage changes Secularism Internal problems in RCC that will precede the Reformation Education: nobles, men only? Mortality rates: childbirth, starvation, plague, etc. Women? Suppression, prostitution, arranged marriage

Humanism Liberal arts Secularism Application of knowledge Civic concerns/civic humanism Belief in the ability of “man” Study of classical texts Neoplatonism History (periodization) Spokespeople: Lorenzo Valla, Erasmus, Bruni, Petrarch

Scientific Revolution (WE DID NOT COVER THIS in this unit, but it is good to help establish context) Kepler Galileo Copernicus Brahe Newton Harvey Etc.

Transition from the Dark Ages Art of the Renaissance Vernacular languages End of feudalism Some education for women Secularization (don’t exaggerate this!)

Here are some key terms/people/places/events/trends you should know that might not seem obvious: Hanseatic League (p. 339) Medici Family (pp. 340, 345 Money economy (p. 341) Isabella d’Este (p. 346) Invasion of Italy, 1494, & sack of Rome, 1527 (p. 347) Machiavelli (p. 348) Civic humanism (p. 351) “Liberal studies” (pp ) Habsburgs (p. 365 – and some in chapter 11) Ottoman Turks (p. 367)

Here are more that I feel are pretty obvious: Renaissance Humanism Northern (Christian) Humanism New monarchy Lorenzo Valla Petrarch Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael – GO THROUGH THE ppt ON RENAISSANCE ART!!! Neoplatonism Heremeticism Peace of Lodi