FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY As Sine qua non for Food Value Addition NIFST DAY PRESENTATION BY DR (MRS) O.B OLUWOLE FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF IDUSTRIAL RESEARCH OSHODI, LAGOS 6 TH OF JUNE, 2012

CONTENTS Introduction Value Addition Defined Why Value Addition Nigeria Expanded Export Program Value Addition in Nigeria: Current Status Post Harvest Loss Role of Academia and Research Conclusion

INTRODUCTION Definition of Food Science Food Science is the discipline in which Biology, Physical science and Engineering are used to study the nature of foods, the causes of their deterioration, and the principles underlying food processing. Food Technology is the application of food science to the selection, preservation, packaging, distribution and the use of safe, nutritious and wholesome food.

Sine Qua Non - Means something absolutely indispensable or essential Synonymes Related to Sine Qua Non Condition, demand, must, must – have, necessary, necessity, need, needful, requirement, requisite, essential Sine qua non is a latin phrase translated it would be “Without which non”

NIFST VISION: Good and abundant food for all through service to country and humanity, resulting in food security and the well being of all Nigerians FIIRO VISION: To be the foremost centre of science and technology-based research and development for the industrialization and socio-economic advancement of the nation

Value Addition Defined Any step in the production process that improves the product for the customer and results in a higher net worth. Value addition also identify and study technologies and systems that promote and enhance food value including safety and cost with special emphasis on the areas of engineering process optimization, packaging and storage applications.

WHY VALUE ADDITION  Reduction of post harvest losses.  Availability of different arrays of convenient food products  Increase productivity.  Increase in income generation  Enhanced food security  Promotion of poverty reduction

NIGERIA EXPANDED EXPORT PROGRAM The government of Nigeria has signaled its interest in building the non – oil sector with a focus on diversification of exports. Agriculture is perceived as a key sector for growth and an important option for export diversification. These small farms produce about 80% of the total food. Nigeria’s diverse climate from the tropical areas of the coast to the arid zone of the North make it possible to produce virtually all agricultural products. Agriculture contributed 32% to the Gross Domestic product. Agricultural products of Nigeria can be divided into two main groups namely:Food produced for home consumption Food produced for export

Value Addition in Nigeria: Current Status Low level of value addition as against massive importation of value added food products e.g tomato paste, rice crisp, jam, can juices. Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (Agoa): Provides Nigeria and 39 other sub-Saharan African countries a realistic opportunity of substituting the “aid-giver-recipient” relationship existing between the US and African countries. Benefits expected are:  Opportunity of earning more foreign exchange,  Diversifying their economic base,  Creating more jobs and income-earning opportunities  Stimulate new trading opportunities for local businesses Facilitating their integration into the global economy. The question is to what extent has Nigeria utilized this opportunity?

POST HARVEST LOSSES Post harvest losses could be as high as % (Arokoyo, 1999; FAO Report, 2008 ) On farm causes of loss: From soil in which the crop is grown to the handling of produce when it reaches the shop. Causes of loss after harvest: Physical injury, increases in physiological changes, low atmospheric humidity Respiration Bruises – Mechanical

Fig 1: A Typical General Post Harvest Chain of Agricultural Produce in Nigeria e.g Mango Harvesting of Agricultural Produce (Primary Processing) Loss 1 ↓ Traditional Method of Storage of Produce (On farm, in the open or under a shed on the ground) Loss 2 ↓ By Middle Men → Transportation to Market (Usually to Urban centers through bad roads and inappropriate vehicles, delay in getting to urban centre’s) Loss 3 ↓ Poor Handling and Storage in Urban Centres / Markets Loss 4 Direct Consumption Secondary Processing

MISSING LINKS IN AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IMPLEMENTATION Appropriate method/equipment for harvesting produce Adequate post harvest handing Adequate storage facilities Establishment of processing clusters in some local government.

MISSING LINKS IN AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IMPLEMENTATION CONT. Massive education of farmers on post harvest handling of produce. Provision of refrigerated vehicles for moving perishables such as fruits and vegetables. Collaboration with appropriate Institute and organizations. Contract food processing and packaging

ROLE OF ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH IN VALUE ADDITION Very weak linkages in the past Very little indigenous technology Progress made has been through purchase of imported equipment Borrowed technology will not make you a competitor Technology incubation needs to be promoted and funded Post harvest Research Institutes such as FIIRO and others need to be financially supported.

Funds should also be provided to Research Institutes and other similar organization. Research – Federal Ministry of Agriculture interaction is minimal on value addition Currently there is little or no interaction with an important organization that coordinates all research scientists in all areas of Food Science and Technology The Federal Ministry of Agriculture need to work hand in hand with this reputable organization apart from relevant Research Institutes to guarantee success in its bid for transformation agenda in Agriculture.

ROLE OF RESEARCH INSTITUTES Research Institutes ↔ Industry ↓ Human Capacity Development ↓ Innovation → Value Addition ↓ Job Creativity

CONCLUSION It is hoped that appropriate holistic harnessing of all the activities that occur after harvesting of agricultural produce till the produce is converted into either intermediate product or finished product will go a long way in achieving the current vision of the present administration on value addition.

At the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, Our major breakthroughs over the years have been in the area of value addition to numerous agricultural produce grown in the country. We have over 50 research innovations on value addition to different agricultural produce that are awaiting pilot plant scale – up.

Value added products from banana

Value added products from maize

Other Value Added Products

REFERENCES Ayandiji, A.O.R, Adeniji Omidiji D (2011) :Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 11 (5) Version 1.0 published by Global Journals Inc.(USA). Babalola, D.A, Makinde, Y.O; Omonoma, B.T and Oyekanmi, M.O (2010): Determinant of post harvest losses in tomato production : A case study of Imeko-Afon Local Government area of Ogun State. acta SATECH 3(2): Institute of Food Technology (IFT) IITA: Research to nourish Africa (2011): Value addition crucial to development of Nigeria ‘s cassava industry. Issue No 2084 (Aug-Sept). Lawal, J.O, Oduwole,O.O; Shittu, T and Muyiwa,A.A (2011): Profitability of Value addition to cashew farming Households in Nigeria. African Crop Science Journal 19(1): Vivo: Cornell Research and Scholarship (2011)