USA How did the lives of Black People in America change between 1929 and 1990? This exam paper expects you to know a broad outline of the topics. Again, you need to know how American policy changed DECADE BY DECADE

America in 1930s Segregation = in South KKK – lynching, terrorising, tarred and feathered, intimidation Jim Crow Laws Many Blacks migrated North (so segregation BUT ghettos, discrimination, low paid jobs) Taxes and literacy tests stopped Blacks from voting Can you think of anything positive that was happening in the 1930s? NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People Campaigned for equal rights End to lynching New Deal did bring some relief to poor Black people but not all.

1940s Second World War Jim Crow Army (segregated) Navy only employed Blacks as kitchen staff.

1940s – any positive things? As war went on, Blacks were allowed to train as pilots Many experience integration in places like Britain. Gave them hope that America could be like that. Membership of NAACP rose

What key word would be used to describe the 1950s?

What important event happened in Mississippi in 1955? The Death of Emmett Till 14 year old murdered for ‘talking cheekily’ to a white woman Came from North and was visiting uncle in Chicago Turning Point for Black Americans Black Americans in the north realised they couldn’t ignore what was happening in the South Start of the Civil Rights Movement.

Who is this woman and what did she do? Refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. This was against the Jim Crow Laws NAACP organised Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King emerged as leader of the campaign Non-violent protest Bus companies ended segregation Massive victory! Shows that organised campaigning could work! Birth of the Civil Rights Movement! Rosa Parks Turning Point

What happened in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957? Segregation in school had supposedly ended 9 Black students tried to go to Little Rock High School Prevented from entering State Governor would not let the children enrol President Eisenhower sent in the National Guard in to protect the teenagers

What kind of tactics were used in the Civil Rights Movement?

What key words do you associate with the Civil Rights Movement?

Martin Luther King Marches sit-ins, boycotts August 1963 – March on Washington Resisted segregation Teamed up with white people I have a dream Non-violent Christian When did MLK first come to people’s attention ? Why was he so significant?

What part did education play in Civil Rights Movement? Very important Poor education guaranteed a poor lifestyle for African Americans Black schools meant to be ‘separate but equal’ – not true! Poor equipped, lack of funds Brown vs the Board of Education = 8 Year old Linda Brown won the right to go to a White school nearer her home Segregation ended in schools BUT Little Rock, Arkansas Many school children took part in civil disobedience campaigns

Describe the March on Washington 1963 Thousands of people turned up Blacks and Whites together Great success Martin Luther King made ‘I Have a Dream’ speech

Who didn’t agree with Martin Luther King’s ideas?

Describe Malcolm X’s ideas Militant Advocated race war Lead Blacks (role model for disillusioned teens) Called FOR segregation Of the Black Panthers Muslin – Nation of Islam Why was he so significant?

What was the Nation of Islam? Black Muslims Led by Elijah Muhammed Replaced their Christian ‘slave names’ with X Wanted a separate state for Black Americans

Who were the Black Panthers? Militant group Called on Blacks to fight violence with violence Malcolm X was their leaders Helped educate and gave free health care to Black communities

You need to know how progress was made through the LAW in the 1960s! 1964 – Lyndon B Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act 1965 – Voting Rights Act Racial discrimination banned in employment Black pupils given equal rights in education Full equality in voting 1967 – Laws banning mixed marriages were dropped Remember: Law could not stop racism or change people’s attitudes

What tragic events happened in the late 60s? Malcolm X was shot dead in 1965 Martin Luther King was shot dead in 1968 The movement had lost its leading figures and seemed to lose momentum Riots took place in major cities

How did Black people’s lives change in the 70s and 80s? Civil Rights laws had improved their lives Still racism and discrimination 1970s – Black cultural movement started. Black is Beautiful. 1980s – films of Spike Lee celebrated Black culture More Black celebrities such as Toni Morrison (author), Denzel Washington etc Today many more sports stars, politicians etc – all owe the Civil Rights Movement for their being able to achieve. BUT by 1990 the average income of a Black family was less than half that of a white family