Chapter 11 Emotion, Stress, and Health

Objectives 11.1 The Role of Physiology and Evolution in Emotion Define how bodily processes are involved in emotion. Discuss how physiological processes are involved in emotion. Discuss the evolutionary basis of emotion The Role of Behavior and Cognition in Emotion Explain the impact that thoughts and behaviors have on emotion. Explain the connection between behavior and emotion.

Objectives 11.3 Theories of Emotion Identify and discuss the main theories of emotion Expressing Emotion Examine and explain the special factors and situations that can influence the expression of emotions.

Objectives 11.5 Stress Examine the various factors that lead to stress. Discuss the physical and psychological effects of stress Illustrate how positive psychology emphasizes the constructive features of human strength and healthful living rather than pathology.

The Role of Physiology in Emotion Figure 11.01: Stress can activate the hypothalamus which can cause increased heart rate, perspiration, and dilation of pupils.

The Role of Physiology in Emotion According to the Yerkes Dodson law, optimal levels of arousal occur in the moderate range.

The Role of Evolution in Emotion Figure 11.07ABC: Can you tell what emotions these animals are experiencing? © Jenny Solomon/ShutterStock, Inc. © Joy Brown/ShutterStock, Inc.© Vikulin/ShutterStock, Inc.

The Role of Behavior in Emotion Figure 11.11: Percent of people from different countries who were able to correctly identify facial expressions. Adapted from Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2003). Unmasking the Face: A Guide to Recognizing Emotions From Facial Expressions. Malor Books.

Theories of Emotion (slide 1 of 3) Common sense theory suggests that the perception of an event elicits an emotion, which then causes your body to react. James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are composed of our awareness of biological reactions to stimuli.

Theories of Emotion (slide 2 of 3) The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that events cause emotions by triggering biological and psychological experience of emotions at the same time. The Schacter-Singer two- factor theory suggests that feelings are a combination of body arousal and how we think about that arousal.

Theories of Emotion (slide 3 of 3) The Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that feelings are caused by what we think caused our thoughts.

Expressing Emotion Culture Gender

Expressing Emotion Fear Anger and aggression Love Figure 11.18: The triangle theory of love.

Stress Stress: A response that occurs from events seen as a challenge Stressors: Anything perceived as a challenge Acute stressors: Brief events that require a period of coping Chronic stressors: Long-lasting events that require adaption Daily hassles (microstressors): Minor irritations that produce stress

Sources of Stress Social Readjustment Rating Scale Student Stress Scale

Choice as a Stress Approach-approach conflict: A decision must be made between two incompatible choices that both have positive features Avoidance-avoidance conflict: A decision must be made between two undesirable choices Approach-avoidance conflict: A decision must be made about a goal that has both positive and negative features Multiple-approach-avoidance conflict: A decision must be made between man choices, each with positive and negative consequence.

Stress and Health Psychosomatic disease Personality Immune system

Coping with and Managing Stress Negative coping involves engaging in behaviors that are unhealthy and can make matters worse. Emotion-focused coping involves managing the feelings that arise from the situation. Problem-focused coping involves the management of the event causing the stress. Constructive coping involves healthy efforts to reduce the impact of stressors.

Happiness

Hardiness Commitment Challenge Control

Optimism