The Element of VALUE The interaction between LIGHT and SHADOW

White is the lightest value while black is the darkest value. There are unlimited number of values between. In a black and white photograph, it is easy to see the difference between different values. Ansel Adams 1940’s

VALUE is… The degree of lightness and darkness in an artwork

Value gives DIMENSION to objects and forms Without value, object would be FLAT and LACK DEPTH

VALUE exists because of LIGHT and SHADOW LIGHT SOURCE SHADOW LIGHT

Light Source The direction the light is coming from in a painting or drawing. Sometimes from more than one direction. As light shines on an object it creates shadows on the object and being cast by the object. Different types of light will create different types of shadows and the illusion of volume.

The amount of light and location of the light source are very important when depicting accurate values.

Illusion of 3D forms through shading

Value Contrast A strong distinction between two different values in an area of a work or in the work as a whole provides emphasis or even a center of interest (an area you would like to draw the viewers attention). John Singer Sargent, Madame X,

Value Contrast Kathe Kollwitz, German expressionist artist Prints and drawings often use high value contrast.

Think about the phases of the MOON…

Photography Value contrast and value gradation

Words used in a formal analysis of value in an artwork Light, Dark, Medium value Direction of light Highlights Shadows (core shadows, cast shadows) Tonal light, middle, dark tones Value shifts changes (gradual, abrupt) High-keyed Low-keyed Value Contrast Chiaroscuro Composition Volume, form Space, depth Texture

By using these TECHNIQUES, we can give DEPTH (3-D) to flat objects and drawings.

Pay attention to the differences in VALUES

The HIGHLIGHT: the brightest area (the white of the paper)

The HALF TONE: main area of value on your object (general shadow)

The CORE SHADOW: darkest part of the shadow on the object/form

The CAST SHADOW : the shadow cast by the object

The better you APPLY A FULL RANGE OF VALUES, the more dimension and depth you give your subject …

Leonardo Da Vinci: Italian Renaissance When the artist is working a two- dimensional surface, as in drawing and painting, in order to create three- dimensional, rounded or projecting objects, he or she must rely on illusion alone or to “fake it.” Depicting subtle value changes can create a masterful illusion of volume, form, and depth. Leonardo Da Vinci; late 1400’s: Leonardo’s technique was so masterful it was said that people called it “sfumato” meaning that it was almost like he created it by blowing smoke into the canvas or paper.

Pencil drawings by Artist KELVIN OKAFOR

APPLYING smooth value through SHADING DO Build up your layers gradually! DO Move pencil in same direction You tube videos: v=gmPrXKvxmj0 v=gmPrXKvxmj0 v=NH0_Up4DksQ v=NH0_Up4DksQ

DO use all of your drawing pencils and a blending stump to achieve gradation!! SMUDGING WITH YOUR FINGER DOES NOT ACHIEVE VALUE!

DO use a blending stump!

HARD EDGES SOFT EDGES

Highlights and TEXTURE Use an electric eraser for highlights and texture! NOT FOR ERASING YOUR MISTAKES, SKETCHLINES, OR EDGES!!!

Highlights create that “glisten”

Kneaded Eraser Use a kneaded eraser to delicately “lift” away sections of graphite in order to remove excess graphite or pull out highlights.

“SHADING” is not the only way to create VALUE…

WHAT DID THE ARTIST USE TO CREATE VALUE?

Scientific Illustrators USE THESE TECHNIQUES

Botanical Drawings

Similar to “HALFTONES” in printing The closer the dots…the darker the value!

Why does this work? Principle of PROXIMITY: When objects are placed close together, our brains perceive them as whole even though they may look incomplete

What do you see here?

STIPPLING

HATCHING

Hatching Value Scale FEW LINES MANY LINES

CROSS-HATCHING

Cross-Hatching Value Scale FEW LINES MANY LINES

Lines move in one direction… TOWARDS THE LIGHT SOURCE

***REMEMBER YOU STILL USE THE DIFFERENT PENCIL LEADS TO ACHIEVE A FULL RANGE OF VALUES

SOLS AIP.8.1-AIP.8.6 TSW identify high and low key values. TSW recognize the lightness and darkness of color through tints, tones, and shades. TSW recognize that he quality of light is captured with value. TSW recognize that value changes the intensity of a hue. TSW recognize that value affects spatial relationships. TSW recognize, explore, create works of art demonstrating the use of value concepts through various media, techniques, and processes.