The Conquistador Answer the following questions about the picture above: OPTIC O - What is the overview ? What is the picture of? What is the setting? P - List the parts/details of the picture. T – What could the Title be of the picture if you had to give it one? I - Inference – what do the parts tell you about what is going on in the picture? 5. T – Topic – what do the visuals have to do with the topic?

Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers who played a major role in the discovery and mapping of the New World, but they left a trail of blood along the way. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, conquistadors waged war on the indigenous peoples of North and South America, devastating communities through the use of guns and the introduction of diseases such smallpox and diphtheria. No one knows how many people died as a result of the Spanish conquest of the Americas, but some historians estimate that between 90 and 95 percent of the indigenous population of the New World was wiped out.

I. Columbus Sights a New World First sight of land October 1492 Claimed lands for Spain Most of South America Caribbean Islands Central America Mexico Parts of present day U.S. Establishes colony on island in West Indies: Hispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Republic)

Christopher Columbus

Columbus

Voyages of Christopher Columbus

II. New Spain (p. 103) Conquistadors B. Friars Spanish soldiers/conquerors Defeated native Americans B. Friars Members of Catholic Religious order - priests Sent to convert Native Americans Planned to convert by establishing missions

Spanish Missions

III. Cortes Lands in Mexico A. Arrives 1519 on east coast of Mexico B. Found Aztecs in Tenochtitlan C. Plundered city then rebuilt D. Named Mexico City

Hernan Cortes

Cortes and the Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan

IV. Pineda explores the Texas coast A. Arrived in Mexico in 1519 B. First European to explore the Texas coast

V. Cabeza de Vaca A. Shipwrecked in Texas B. Adopted ways of Karankawas C. Became shaman 1. healer 2. spiritual leader 3. medicine man D. Spent 7 years wandering across Texas E. Learned much about geography and people ***Pineda was probably first to step foot on Texas soil

Day 2 – Cabeza De Vaca OPTIC – picture Soapstone – journal writings From Karankawa POV or the Spaniards POV – how do you see Cabeza de Vaca

Use O. P. T. I. C. to analyze the picture O - What is the overview Use O.P.T.I.C . to analyze the picture O - What is the overview ? What is the picture of? What is the setting? P - List the parts/details of the picture. T – What could the Title be of the picture if you had to give it one? I - Inference – what do the parts tell you about what is going on in the picture? 5. T – Topic – what do the visuals have to do with the topic?

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Cabeza de Vaca possessed a keen mind, inquisitive nature, and exceptional memory, which made him an ideal explorer. He provided the first descriptions of Texas landforms, Indians, and plants. Cabeza de Vaca was the only Spaniard to record the names and practices of the Indian tribes of South Texas and to locate them relative to each other In 1529, Cabeza de Vaca crashed on Galveston Island because of a hurricane. The survivors named their island Malhando, meaning misfortune. They were the first non-Indians to set foot upon Texas soil. Naked and miserably cold, they presented such a sad spectacle to the Karankawa Indians that they sat down with them and cried. Luckily, Cabeza de Vaca knew enough about medicine that he was able to heal many Indians. He became known among the tribe as a “medicine man.” made of gold. When he made it to Mexico he told others about many wonderful cities

from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions, from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 Primary Source Adventures: Cabeza de Vaca

from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions, from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 Primary Source Adventures: Cabeza de Vaca

Questions 1 - 5 1. After reading the description of Cabeza de Vaca’s treatment at the hands of the Coastal Indians. What would your reaction be to the situation?   2. Why did the Indian tribes ask Cabeza de Vaca to trade or barter for them? 3. Cabeza de Vaca felt the life of a trader gave him advantages. What were these advantages? 4. What was Cabeza de Vaca’s “principal objective” in becoming a trader? 5. What did the coastal Indians think about Cabeza de Vaca’s role as a trader?

from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions, from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 Primary Source Adventures: Cabeza de Vaca

from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions, from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 Primary Source Adventures: Cabeza de Vaca

Questions 6 - 8 6. What action did Cabeza de Vaca take to help the Indian who was suffering from an arrow wound? 7. Based on the Indians reaction to surgery, had they seen medicine of this type before? How would you have reacted? 8. What, if any, fame did Cabeza de Vaca receive for this “cure”?

from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions, from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536 Primary Source Adventures: Cabeza de Vaca

Question 9 9. List the comparisons the Indians made between Cabeza de Vaca to his fellow Spaniards?

from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca Primary Source Adventures: Cabeza de Vaca from The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions, from Florida to the Pacific, 1528-1536

Question 10 10. Cabeza de Vaca called buffalos “cow.” How did he describe their hair and meat?

SOAPSTone Speaker – Speaker or Author, and any information that might identify his/her POV on the subject Occasion – time and place of the piece, what encourages the piece, what encourages the piece to be created Audience – The group of readers or listeners for who the piece is intended Purpose – Reason behind the piece, what does the speaker want the audience to think after reading or hearing this piece Subject – general topic, content, or idea of the piece Tone – what is the attitude of the speaker, look at the authors word choice, sentence construction, and imagery

Journal Entry Create your own journal entry from the POV of the Karankawas who have been living with Cabeza de Vaca or the remaining Spaniards living and working with Cabeza de Vaca among the Indians.

I. Quest for Texas Gold (pages 107-108) Cabeza de Vaca reports “vast and handsome” “very fertile” No gold, but heard of treasures Although he saw no gold, he reported stories of riches that inspired the Spaniards to send a treasure-seeking expedition into Texas

Cabeza de Vaca & Estevanico

II. Fray Marcos Leads a New Expedition In 1539 Viceroy Antonio do Mendoza sent a priest, Fray Marcos de Niza, to head an advance party to check on stories of treasure in the new land. Estevanico, who rode ahead, sent back reports of Cibola, a land with seven cities of gold and other riches He joined this expedition to serve as a guide and to help befriend Native Americans He was later killed by Zuni warriors when he entered their lands Cibola was actually a pueblo near the present-day boundary of Arizona and New Mexico.  Fray Marcos probably saw the pueblo at sunset, which made it look golden.

Coronado and the Turk

III. Coronado Is Disappointed (pages 109-110) Led an expedition of more than 300 soldiers, accompanied by Fray Marcos, to find Cibola Found Cibola and was disappointed Rather than go back empty-handed, he split his expedition into two groups One headed west, found the Grand Canyon Coronado's group headed east to present-day Santa Fe, New Mexico, where they met a Native American they called Turk. Turk told of riches farther east, and led Coronado to the plains of Texas They probably saw the Palo Duro Canyon When they reached Quivira and did not find gold, Coronado put Turk to death

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado

Cibola

Coronado’s Route

IV. Moscoso explores East Texas Hernan De Soto landed in Florida in 1539, and led the first European expedition to reach the Mississippi River. After de Soto died in 1542, Luis de Moscoso took command and led the expedition into East Texas. Exploring perhaps as far as the Brazos River, the party met Native Americans, found no riches, and returned to the Mississippi River.

V. New Mexico is Founded Spanish did not find treasure in Texas Few attempts at settlements in Texas Decided to make a settlement on the upper Rio Grande, named it New Mexico

Explorer Map of Texas

I. France challenges Spanish claims France challenged Spain’s claim to Texas In 1682 La Salle led the first expedition that navigated the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the inland region surrounding the Mississippi for France and calling the area Louisiana. La Salle returned to France and proposed a French colony be founded at the mouth of the Mississippi. In July 1684 four ships with 300 more colonists set sail for Louisiana in search of the Mississippi but landed instead at Matagorda Bay.

II. The French Flag Flies Over Texas La Salle and the colonists built the outpost Fort St. Louis and flew the French flag. La Salle left the colonists to find other settlements and returned to Fort St. Louis to find that one ship had sailed back to France and the other had been wrecked on a sandbar. Most of the stranded colonists died because of crop failure, disease, and fighting with Karankawas. Although La Salle was murdered on March 19, 1687, he had managed to shift the focus of Spanish interest from western Texas to eastern Texas.