THE BASICS

WHICH ONE SOUNDS LIKE ENGLISH? Listen: #1 or #2? [Ex. 1] Listen: #1 or #2? [Ex. 2] a)John runs. b)Johnny runs. c)Jonathon runs. WHY???? The time! a), b), & c) have basically the same time in English!! Why?  (All three phrases have 2 stressed beats each) English is a stress-timed language

LISTEN MORE CLOSELY: JON A THON Clear, longReduced to /ə/ Reduced to /ə/ TAPtaptap Vowels in unstressed syllables tend to be unclear, and often contain the neutral schwa sound, /ə/. Vowels in stressed syllables will have clear vowels, be longer, louder, and possibly higher pitch. Understanding this helps create the rhythm of the stress- timed language and helps people to understand you easily.)

HOW MANY SYLLABLES? TAP IT OUT: Phi/lo/so/pher: 4 – any “o”???? Communicate:4 Business: 2 Adults: 2 Accurate: 3 Streets: 1

EXAMPLES One syllable words? Two syllable words? How many syllables? Wanted Swept Learned

WHAT BUILDS A SYLLABLE IN ENGLISH? -cv-to -ccv-tree -cccv-straw -cvc-cat -vc-at -vcc-ox (/aks/)*remember sounds. -vccc-inks (i ƞ ks) -cccvccc-stripts -ccvcc-brink (Answer???) THE VOWEL SOUND

WHY ARE SYLLABLES IMPORTANT? Each vowel sounds in a word creates a “beat” or a syllable in a word. Spoken syllable breaks: -Using the correct # of beats of the syllable means you are not adding or dropping a beat/syllable; -helps create the rhythm of the stress-timed language by understanding stress/reduction; -helps people understand you easily The English listener depends on stress to help them identify words.

SYLLABLE STRESS

What is syllable stress? Words are divided into beats (or syllables), each with at least one vowel. Different syllables have different strengths in English. Primary syllable stress has the strongest syllable: Clear vowel sound Louder Longer **Maybe a higher pitch

PRACTICE: LOUDER & LONGER,. NUM/ber par/ty win/dow of/fice. en/JOY com/plete ap/ply re/new

CLEAR VOWEL???. NUM/ber TA/ble PIC/ture. en/JOY com/PLETE ap/PLY

Separate Bilingual Conscious Identity Alienation Intimacy Intrinsically 2 (or 3): \ ˈ se-p(ə-) ˌ rāt\ 3: \bī- ˈ liŋ-gwəl\ 2: \ ˈ kän(t)-shəs\ 4: \ī- ˈ den-tə-tē\ 5 (or 4): \ ˌ ā-lē-ə- ˈ nā-shən\ 4: \ ˈ in-tə-mə-sē\ 4 or 5: in- ˈ trin-zik(ə-)lē, *\ ˌ āl-yə- ˈ nā-shən\

3 SYLLABLES.. HAP pi ness / v ɛ d ʒ tə bəl/ (Careful: Veg-e-ta-ble has 4 written syllables in a regular dictionary for days before computers when we hyphenated words; and vegetable commonly has 3 spoken syllables as shown with the pronunciation symbols.)

HOW TO USE A DICTIONARY FOR PRONUNCIATION: Spoken syllable breaks (using the correct # of beats of the syllable means you are not adding or dropping a beat/syllable; helps people understand you easily) Primary stress marks (as the stressed syllable is clearer, longer, louder; unstressed syllables may be reduced to schwas. Understanding this helps create the rhythm of the stress-timed language and helps people to understand you easily.) Vowels and Consonant sounds (as symbol/sound in English do not relate.)

WORD STRESS STRESS CONTENT WORDS (JACK AND JILL)

JACK AND JILL and-jill-recited-as-rap-human-voice-kid-child (RAP)

JACK ən JILL went UP thə HILL tə FETCH ə pail əv WAter JACK fell DOWN ən BROKE his CROWN ən JILL came tumbling AFter

JACK AND JILL 1. JACK and JILL went UP the HILL,/ to FETCH a PAIL of WAter;/ JACK fell DOWN / and BROKE his CROWN,/ and JILL CAME TUMbling AFter./ 2. What type of word is in ALL CAPS? Why? Content words (the words that carry the most meaning) Nouns, main verbs*, adjectives, adverbs, negatives (can’t), wh- words, interjections (wow) *Note: For phrasal verbs, stress is on the second word: “Went UP” & “Fell DOWN”

WHICH WORDS ARE NOT AS STRONG? WHY? JACK ən JILL went UP thə HILL tə FETCH ə PAIL əv WAter JACK fell DOWN ən BROKE his CROWN ən JILL came tumbling AFter Note: The schwa vowel sound (/ə/) in reduced words. FUNCTION WORDS; OFTEN REDUCED (THE, AND, OR, ETC.) Articles (a, an, the); conjunctions (or, and); prepositions (of, to, for, at); pronouns (him, her, you); helping verbs (do, can)

SAY THE WORD PAIRS WITH THE BETWEEN WORDS; WHAT IS HAPPENING? “Jack and” sounds like: J k ə n “Went up” sounds like: w ɛ n ʌ p or w ɛ n t ʌ p “broke his” sounds like: bro w k I z Linking Consonant to Vowel: When a word ends in a consonant sound, we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound. *) Remember it’s the sound (not the spelling) that matters.

IF TIME: READ THE FIRST PARAGRAPH OF ARIA ALOUD. CIRCLE THE CONTENT WORDS. Stress the content words. Note the reduction on some function words. Link sounds between words where no pause.