Totalitarianism

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini ( ), Il Duce from The fasces on Mussolini’s personal standard. Rome-Berlin Axis, 25 October 1936.

Territorial changes in Europe and the Near East after the First World War.

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini ( ), Duce del Fascismo The fasces on Mussolini’s personal standard. Rome-Berlin Axis, 25 October 1936: Mussolini with Adolf Hitler ( ) Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches

1943 anti-Jewish poster by Hans Schweitzer. Still of Richard Burton and John Hurt in Nineteen Eighty-Four, directed by Michael Radford, 1984.

Hitler Youth members performing the Nazi salute at a rally at the Lustgarten in Berlin, Blackshirts with Benito Mussolini during the March on Rome on 27 October 1922

Reichstag fire, Feb Munich Marienplatz during the failed Beer Hall Putsch, 9 November Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch trial.

Hitler practicing dramatic gestures. Photographs by Heinrich Hoffmann, 1927.

Sea of Flags, from Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will, her documentary of the 1934 Nazi Party rally in Nürnberg

The Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei adopted the swastika (Hakenkreuz) in 1920.