Target Reading and Analysis: I can identify theme and use literary terms and figurative language when describing and analyzing texts and know their purpose in the literature such as (but not limited to) metaphor, simile, imagery, repetition, symbol, allusion (historical and literary), personification, irony (situational, verbal, and dramatic), etc. Vocabulary: I can analyze the meaning of a word by breaking it down into prefixes, suffixes, and roots, finding cognates, and using synonyms and antonyms.

Non-Fiction Analysis Packet Non-fiction Analysis Packet 9 th grade Name:__________________________ TURN TO TURN TO: Rhetorical Devices in Persuasive Writing page 8 Raise your hand if you do not have your packet with you today.

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing; use of figures of speech and other writing techniques. Rhetoric Rhetoric and the use of rhetorical devices are important parts of writing and delivering speeches.

Persuasion: (noun) Writing or speaking to convince people to agree with a way of thinking or to take a desired action. Example: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech tries to convince listeners to end discrimination and have equality for all people.

Think of people who try to persuade others to think or act a certain way. What to they say or do? Does it work? Why? Be ready to share! Synonyms for persuade: Influence Urge Reason Try to convince Try to win over Persuade: (verb) cause to believe; convince to do

Simile: comparing two things using the words like or as Example: “… and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.” Justice and righteousness should be as natural as gravity; a law of nature. Compares justice for Blacks like water rolling down Figurative language/mental picture – makes audience active listeners Compares righteousness for Blacks like a more powerful stream.

Metaphor: Implied comparison; does not use like or as; makes you think Example: “… lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.” Compares Blacks: Poverty to a lonely island – think of being shipwrecked with nothing Compares Whites: Material prosperity (wealth) to a vast ocean (plentiful, abundant) Figurative language/mental picture – makes audience active listeners. poverty prosperity

Allusion: reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, work of art, song, etc. Example: “Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation.” Five score years ago – allusion to Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address that started, “Four score and seven years ago…” a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand – allusion to Abraham Lincoln. Dr. King is giving his speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C. signed the Emancipation Proclamation – allusion to the document Abraham Lincoln signed that freed the slaves. Without saying Abraham Lincoln’s name, Dr. King caused people to think about Lincoln’s passion for equal rights and how we should be proactive for equality today. Audience feels knowledgeable and part of an important group/cause.

Repetition: Using the same words, sounds, phrase, or line to emphasize ideas Example: “I have a dream…” “I have a dream…” “I have a dream…” Dr. King repeats “I have a dream” over and over again to convince us to think about how important it is to make this dream a reality. By repeating it over and over again, he emphasizes the importance of this dream through the rhythm of his words – the idea stays in our heads (logic) and hearts (emotion).

Restatement: Using different words to express the same idea. Example: “ But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land.” Dr. King uses different words to restate the racial inequalities still existing in society. When he states his ideas differently, he reemphasizes the challenge and increases his chances of convincing more listeners to work toward equality.

Parallelism repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structure. Example: “With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.” The rhythm of the grammatical structure sounds musical to our ears and stays with us – voice and sensory imagery

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The March on Washington and the famous speech “I Have a Dream”

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom August 28, 1963 Washington, D. C. Steps of the Lincoln Memorial

Program for the March On Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Demands of the March

The image of the map of the march route contains a handwritten note from Clarence Jones, Scholar in Residence at the King Institute and advisor, speech-writer, and friend to Dr. King. The note reads: Dear Martin— Just learned that Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois died last night in Ghana. Someone should make note of this fact. Clarence

Marchers with signs

Aerial view of the Lincoln Memorial View of the Reflecting Pool and the Washington Monument An estimated 250,000 people attended the March.

View toward the Lincoln Memorial

From the steps of the Lincoln Memorial

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. asserting a point in his “I Have a Dream” speech.

James Baldwin & Marlon BrandoMLK & Malcolm X Burt Lancaster, Harry Belafonte, & Charleston Heston Joan Baez & Bob Dylan

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial in Washington, D. C. opened in August 2011.

The size of the word represents the frequency of the word in the speech. What is the speech about?

?v=smEqnnklfYs Read along with the speech. Underline moments in the speech that stand out to you, things that are memorable, words or phrases that make you think or feel.

With a partner, talk about the parts you underlined. How did Dr. King and convince others to think and do what he wanted? Rhetorical devices and figurative language Reason and logic Emotion - words and voice

Go back to the speech and look at your underlining. Do they fit the definitions for: a. SIMILEb. METAPHOR c. ALLUSIONd. REPETITION e. RESTATEMENTf. PARALLELISM Label the rhetorical devices No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream Simile

Next class: Analogy Pathos Logos Ethos Rhetorical Triangle

Persuasive techniques Devices and ways used to convince the audience to believe an opinion and/or take a course of action. Rhetorical devices Special patterns of words and ideas to stir emotion in people. Examples: Dr. King uses figurative language to appeal to our emotions through active listening and mental images - “Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.” Dr. King repeats “I have a dream” over and over again to make us think about how important it is to have dreams and make them reality. By repeating “I have a dream” over and over again, he emphasizes the importance of his dream and the dream sticks in our heads (logical) and hearts (emotional).