Maternal-Child Nursing Care Optimizing Outcomes for Mothers, Children, & Families Maternal-Child Nursing Care Optimizing Outcomes for Mothers, Children, & Families Susan Ward Shelton Hisley Susan Ward Shelton Hisley Chapter 20 Caring for the Developing Child

Influences on Growth and Development  Nature  Describes the traits inherent in the infant  Nurture  Refers to the influence of external events

Principles of Childhood Growth and Development  Growth  Development  Cephalocaudal  Proximodistal  Gross motor & fine motor  Touchpoints

Psychosocial Development Theories Psychological & emotional progression  Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual)  Id, ego, superego  Erik Erikson ― stages  Trust versus mistrust  Autonomy versus shame and doubt  Initiative versus guilt  Industry versus inferiority  Identity versus role confusion

Attachment Theories  Attachment refers to the bond or emotional and physical connection that develops between an infant and caregiver which tends to endure  John Bowlby  Mary Ainsworth

Learning Theories  Behavioral: passive learner  Watson and Skinner  Social learning: emphasizes interplay within the environment  Albert Bandura  Lev Vygotsky  Urie Bronfenbrenner

Cognitive Theories How an individual thinks and how thinking influences worldview  Jean Piaget ― four stages  Sensorimotor (birth to age 2)  Preoperational (ages 2 to 7)  Concrete operational (ages 7 to 11)  Formal operational (ages 11 to 15)

Intelligence Theories  Howard Gardner ― eight forms of intelligence  Bodily kinesthetic  Interpersonal  Intrapersonal  Linguistic  Logical-mathematical  Musical  Naturalistic  Spatial

Moral Development Theories Perception about right and wrong  Piaget ― two stages  Younger than 11 years old ― concrete  Older than 11 years old ― abstract  Lawrence Kohlberg ― three levels  Preconventional, conventional, postconventional  Carol Gilligan ― two tracts  Male: autonomy and justice  Female: caring and relationship

Spiritual Development Theories  James Fowler — stages of spiritual development  Undifferentiated (infancy)  Intuitive-projective (ages 2 to 6 or 7)  Mythical-literal (ages 6 to 12)  Synthetic-convention (begins around 12 or 13)  Individuating-reflexive (late adolescence)

Family Development Theories  Duvall’s theory describing family interaction  Marriage  Family with infants  Family with preschool children  Family with school children  Family with adolescent  Family with launching young adult

Temperament  Governs the way in which an infant responds to his or her surroundings The following descriptors are used:  Regularity  Reaction to new people and situations  Adaptability to change  Sensory sensitivity  Emotional intensity  Level of persistence  Activity level  Distractibility  Mood

Newborn & Infant  Reflexes and neurological development  Sensory development  Physical development  Cognitive development  Language  Psychosocial development  Discipline

Toddler (1 to 3 years)  Physical development  Cognitive development  Language  Psychosocial development  Moral development  Discipline  Temper tantrums

Early Childhood (Preschooler) (3 to 6 years)  Physical development  Cognitive development  Language  Psychosocial development  Moral development  Discipline

School-Age Child (6 to 12 years)  Physical development  Cognitive development  Language  Psychosocial development  Moral development  Discipline

Adolescence (12 to 19 years)  Physical development  Cognitive development  Language  Psychosocial development  Moral development  Discipline