AP Biology Chapters 5.1-5.5. ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds.

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Presentation transcript:

AP Biology Chapters

~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds

Organic chemistry Study of carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks 4 valence electrons = ability for 4 covalent bonds

Combinations of C & H Stable, non-polar molecule Capable of forming large molecules

All important molecules that make up living organisms fall into one of four categories Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbs, Proteins, N.A. are made of chain-like repeating units Monomers M + M = Polymer Make polymers through dehydration Break down polymers through hydrolysis

Sugars and polymers of sugars General Functions: Store short term energy Cellular antennae

Monosaccharides: Simple sugar molecule Provide short term energy Disaccharides: Two sugar molecule Polysaccharide: Complex starch molecules Stores short term energy

Plants Starch: energy source Cellulose: cell walls Animals Glycogen: energy source Chitin: exoskeletons

The smallest of the macromolecules Not a true polymer Glycerol head Fatty acid tail General Functions: Long term energy Insulation

Cell Membranes Phospholipids Cholesterol Animals Hormones

3-Dimensional polymers Monomers: amino acids General Function: build/repair tissue

Primary Structure Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure 2-D alpha sheet Tertiary Structure R-group interaction Quaternary Structure Multiple polypeptide

Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions Organism  Organelle Structures: Cell membrane component Cell Cycle: Regulate cell division/replication

Most important macromolecule for biotic existence Monomers: nucleotides General Functions: Encode, Transmit, and Express genetic information

Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double Stranded Nitrogen Bases A,C,T,G Found in the nucleus Unique blueprint for an individual Ribonucleic Acid Single Stranded Nitrogen Bases A,C,U,G Found throughout the cell Transmits genetic information

Gene Expression: DNA encodes the instructions for protein synthesis

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