THE SCIENCE science the

a) War b) Envir’l disasters c) water stress a) 50M b) 500M c) 1.5– 2.5Bn a) 5M b) 50M c) 500M a) 3m a) 1 acre/day b) 1 acre/hr c) 1 acre/sec a) 2007 b) 2027 c) 2047 a) War b) Envir’l disasters c) water stress a) 50M b) 500M c) 1.5–2.5Bn a) 5M b) 50M c) 500M a) 3m a) 1 acre/day b) 1 acre/hr c) 1 acre/sec a) 2007 b) 2027 c) 2047 Climate change impacts 1.What displaces most people today? 2.How many additional people exposed to dengue fever if 4°C increase? 3.How many environmental refugees will there be by 2010? 4.What predicted sea-level rise this century? 5.How fast is the amazon rainforest disappearing? 6.When will arctic summer sea ice disappear?

emissions rise Emissions of CO 2 from fossil-fuel burning; rapid rise since 1950

temp rise Variations of the Earth’s surface temperature for the past 1,000 years

ice cores The last 160,000 years (from ice cores) and the next 100 years

projected temp rise The MetOffice. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research. IPCC Probable temperature rise between 1.8 o C and 4 o C by Possible temperature rise between 1.1 o C and 6.4 o C. Projected changes in annual temperatures for the 2050s

not volcanoes or sun spots Natural factors cannot explain recent warming The MetOffice. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research.

human emissions Recent warming can be simulated when man-made factors are included The MetOffice. Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research.

precipitation changes Precipitation increases very likely in high latitudes Precipitation decreases likely in most subtropical land regions From Summary for Policymakers, IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report Projected Patterns of Precipitation Changes

arctic ice Arctic summer sea-ice could disappear by 2080s

Arctic ice Arctic summer sea-ice could disappear by 2080s

Deforestation S. Bahia (Brazil) 1945 Deforestat ion

S. Bahia (Brazil) 1990

Competition for Land Croplands & pasture-lands now cover c.40% of world land area Cities, roads, & airports now cover 2% of world land. Competition for land

Water Stress The geography of water stress

Disaster trends Changing disaster patterns: geo- physical hydro- meteorological epidemics, insect infestations ‘9 0 Source: CRED ‘91‘9 2 ‘93‘9 4 ‘95‘96‘9 7 ‘98‘9 9 ‘00‘0 1 ‘02‘0 3 ‘04‘0 5 ‘06 Number of disasters  weather related disasters doubled over the past 2 decades  increase small- and medium-scale disasters  more uncertainties

Extinctions Increased species extinctions

Rising Sea Levels

Sea level rise sea level rise will bring large coastal areas at risk salt water intrusion threatens water supply and food security impacts already being felt particularly during storm surge

Climate change projections have changed dramatically recently Arctic summer sea ice reached record minimum levels in 2005, 2007 and 2008, 80 years before CC models predicted it Jim Hansen re-modelled max viable CO 2 level compatible with human civilisation as 350ppm. We’re already at 384ppm. Current campaigns are for between 450ppm - 550ppm

Climate change projections have changed dramatically recently Rajendra Pachauri, IPCC Chair stated Sept 08: “the very latest science demonstrates that we need a fundamental change in our carbon habits by 2012, or the earth’s carbon feedback loops will be out of control.” He also stated: “the latest science now says a 2m sea level rise will happen this century unless there is an early major reduction in our emissions.” International Scientific Survey of the Arctic sea in August 2008 reported a “boiling ocean”: hundreds of thousands of funnels of methane bursting out of the sea. These are coming from cracks in the previously frozen sea bed, due to average arctic temperature increase of 4 o C

Climate change projections have changed dramatically recently UK Met Office’s Hadley Centre warn that cutting global emissions by 3% a year from 2010 offers the only possible hope of avoiding a global temperature rise of more than 2 o C Tyndall Centre reviewed CC models, incorporating rising global emissions since 2000, and carbon feedback. Conclude that unless dramatic reductions in GHGs take place urgently, we are committed to a catastrophic 4 o C rise This will leave most of Africa uninhabitable and much of the Indian sub-continent incapable of growing crops, leading to multiple global conflicts and displacement of billions of people.

Climate change projections have changed dramatically recently Climate scientists are urgently re-modelling CC tipping points & carbon feedback loops, fearing that they may happen much earlier. Tipping points include the rapid melting of glaciers; sudden collapse of the Greenland & West Antarctic ice sheets; collapse of the Gulf Stream & El Niño; reversal of the Indian & West African monsoons; rapid desertification of the Amazon and Siberian & Canadian forests Carbon feedback includes the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, frozen sea beds, soil, forests and the oceans Sir Nicholas Stern, Oct 2008: “The only way out of the current global financial crisis is to bring low carbon technologies to the top of the agenda.”

UK Met Office: world heading for 5-7 o C rise “Business as usual” means: mass extinction devastating ocean acidification brutal heat waves sea level rise 1 to 2m by 2100 >100 million env refugees >1/3 planet desertified ½ the planet in drought loss of all glaciers providing water to a billion people