Definition of Modern Slavery UNHCR (Guidelines 2006, Human trafficking) “Human trafficking is defined as a process that is a combination of three basic components: 1) Movement (including within the UK) 2) Control, through harm/threat of harm or fraud 3) For the purpose of exploitation Palermo Protocol (2000) “Trafficking of persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of person, by means of the threat of or use of force, or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of abuse of power, (…), for the purpose of exploitation.”

CHILD TRAFFICKING The means do not have to be present for child trafficking movement of a child into and within a country in order to exploit them = Child Trafficking. A ‘Child’ refers to children 0-17 years and adolescents up to their 18 th Birthday. Not considered possible for children to give informed consent to their own exploitation Trafficking and Children

DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING Smuggling : 1) Movement from one place to another for their own benefit. 2) They often pay for the service 3) They are free to leave the smuggler once they arrive  “Smuggling of migrants shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a state party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident.”  This definition and difference is not always so clear cut. People can think they are paying to be smuggled, but are then exploited. Distinguishing between Trafficking and Smuggling

NUMBERS & FIGURES In 2014, 671 minors were identified as being PVOT into and within the UK (NRM Provisional Stats 2014) This figure totals the referrals made to the National Referral Mechanism only. This figure is not a true representation; child trafficking is ‘hidden’ and may not be detected.

Of the 671, children identified 167 of the children were from African countries, 54 victims from Nigeria, mostly girls trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation 178 of the children were from Asian countries, this includes 109 victims from Vietnam mostly boys trafficked for the purposes of labour exploitation and cannabis cultivation. 233 children from Eastern European countries, This includes 117 victims from Albania split almost equally between girls and boys, girls mainly for the purposes of sexual exploitation and boys mainly for the purposes of labour or unknown exploitation. (NRM Provisional Statistics 2014) NUMBERS & FIGURES National Statistics Cont.

COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN Source: NRM Report 2014 Albania 117DRC 14 Vietnam 109Hungary 8 UK 75Zimbabwe 8 Slovakia 72Syria 7 Nigeria 54Morocco 7 Bangladesh 20Ghana 6 Eritrea 18Bulgaria 6 Romania 17Sierra Leone 6 Afghanistan 16Lithuania 5 China 14Ethiopia 5

Risk indicators How to identify a trafficked child At entry: Entered the country illegally No passport or other identification False documentation Unaccounted money or goods Malnourished Unable to confirm name or address of the person meeting them at arrival Accompanied by an adult who insists on remaining with the child at all times Visa and journey had been arranged by someone else other than themselves or their family Withdrawn and refuses to talk or appears afraid of talking to a person of authority Has a prepared story, similar to those other children have given Exhibits self-assurance. Maturity and self-confidence not expected to be seen in a child of such age No money but in possession of a mobile phone Unable or reluctant to give details of accommodation or other personal details

Risk indicators How to identify a trafficked child Whilst living in the UK: Receives unexplained/ unidentified phone calls whilst in placement/ temporary accommodation Shows signs of physical or sexual abuse, and/ or has contracted a sexually transmitted infection or has an unwanted pregnancy Missing episodes and/or periods of being missing and/or unexplained moves Missing from LA care Required to earn a minimum amount of money each day Works in various locations Has limited freedom of movement Has been seen begging for money Performs excessive housework chores and rarely leaves residence Cared for by adults who are not their parents, no healthy relationship between the child and this carer Is one of many unrelated children found at one address Not registered in school Not registered with GP Has to pay off an enormous amount of debt Is deprived of large parts of their earnings Is excessively afraid of being deported and all previous indicators!

Sex work Domestic servitude Sweatshop and restaurant work Cannabis Factories Drug dealing Credit card fraud Begging/pick pocketing Unregistered Private Fostering Forced marriage Benefit fraud Drug mules or decoys for adult drug traffickers Trade in human organs Rituals/sacrifice Other criminal exploitation Types of Exploitation

Response Needed Child trafficking is a child protection issue Report to Children’s Services and the Police Section 47 strategy meeting required Safeguarding of young person – foster placement or safe house Initial safety plan in line with 4 LSCB Protocol (24- 7 supervision, no access to telephones, money or internet) National Referral Mechanism completed.

Useful websites    n-trafficking-victims-referral-and- assessment-forms     