Motivation How do we define it…?

Motivation  Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal.

Theories on Motivation  Instinctive Motivation –Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) –Automatic behaviors in response to specific stimuli (not learned) –Waned in 1940’s

Drive-Reduction Theory (1940’s-1950’s)  Behavior is motivated by biological needs  IOW: Our drive is to reduce our needs.  Need = requirement for survival  Drive = impulse to act in way that satisfies need  Primary Drives: biological needs (thirst, hunger)  Secondary Drives: learned drives (money)  Body seeks Homeostasis: Balanced internal state  Push-Pull factors  Nature (biological push) / nurture (psychological pull)  Create an example of Drive-Reduction theory.  Limitations of theory?

Arousal Theory  Arousal Theory  People are motivated to behave in ways that maintain their optimal arousal.  Yerkes-Dodson law (1908): Performance on a task is an interaction between the level of physiological arousal and the difficulty of the task.  Difficult tasks- low to moderate arousal  Most tasks- moderate arousal  Easy tasks- high arousal

Incentive Theory  Incentives: stimuli we are drawn to due to learning  “Nurture or pull” driven by desire  Create an example

Abraham Maslow The Rise of Humanistic Psychology

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarcy of Needs Summative Questions  Summarize Maslow’s theory on motivation. 1. Why is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs considered to be an optimistic psychological theory? (Read entire article before responding.) 2. What criticisms (identify 3) have been levied against Maslow’s self-actualization theory? 3. What core characteristics did Maslow use to define the self-actualized individual? 4. What is meant by the term “humanistic” psychology? (Consider your World History studies of the “Renaissance” period. You might need to investigate this.) 6. Identify and briefly explain the three forces of psychology identified in the article.

Summative Questions  Self-Actualized  T.J., A.L., Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, William James, Albert Schweitzer, Aldaous Huxley, Eleanor Roosevelt….  Criticisms a. Exceptions to hierarchical sequence b. Research method to determine Self-Actualized? c. Only 2%???  Legacy a. Psychology of fulfillment (transformed fundamental perspective) b. Spawned new forms of therapy c. Major influence on business strategies for employee motivation / & marketing! motivation / & marketing!

Maslow: Summative Questions  Maslow is cited as the founder of “humanistic psychology.” What does this term mean?  What does the article cite as the 3 “forces” of psychology? How did the 3 rd change the fundamental approach to the study of psychology?  Who did Maslow pronounce as self-actualized?  What criticisms might be found in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and his self-actualization theory?  How has Maslow’s work ultimately affected the study of psychology? What is its’ legacy in Western culture?  Maslow argued that man’s pursuit of self- actualization is instinctive. Do you agree?

Which theory of motivation?  Infant rooting to find the mother’s nipple.  Getting a glass of water when you are thirsty.  Going for a walk when you are worried or restless.  Working on a difficult jigsaw puzzle.  Studying hard to pass a test.  Crying when hurt or upset.  Developing a lasting, intimate relationship.

Clues to Maslow’s Theory on Motivation  “Not all needs are created equal.”  “The normal personality is characterized by unity, integration, consistency, and coherence. Organization is the natural state, and disorganization is pathological.”  The organism has one sovereign drive, that is self- actualization. People strive continuously to realize their inherent potential by whatever avenues are open to them.  “Man is basically good, not evil.”  “What a man can be, he must be.”  “The salvation of the human being is not to be found in either behaviorism or psychoanalysis. We must deal with the questions of value, individuality, consciousness, purpose, ethics and the higher reaches of human nature.”

Team Challenge 1. Assume you are a corporate manager charged with increasing employee motivation, thereby increasing worker production. Create at least two specific proposals for each stage of Maslow’s hierarchy that would help achieve this goal.

Aron Ralston “Between a Rock and a Hard Place” Which theory of Motivation? Primarily physiological or psychological motivation? Maslow’s Hierarchy? Explain.

Physiology of Hunger Glucose= blood sugar Glucose= blood sugar Pancreas produces insulin / breaks down glucose (converts some to stored fat) Pancreas produces insulin / breaks down glucose (converts some to stored fat) Stomach, liver, intestines: signal brain as to glucose level Stomach, liver, intestines: signal brain as to glucose level

Hypothalamus Part of Limbic System Part of Limbic System Helps govern endocrine system (regulates pituitary gland) Helps govern endocrine system (regulates pituitary gland) Linked to emotion Linked to emotion Drives: eating, drinking, body temp. Drives: eating, drinking, body temp. Monitors levels of body’s appetite hormones Monitors levels of body’s appetite hormones

Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulates hunger Stimulates hunger rat research rat research  Stimulate: Continuous eating to obesity  Destroy: Starving would not eat

Lower-mid hypothalamus (Ventromedial) Depresses hunger Depresses hunger Stimulation = stop eating Stimulation = stop eating Destroy it = obesity (no brakes) Destroy it = obesity (no brakes)

Hormones / Chemicals and Hunger… Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty stomach (arouses hunger) Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty stomach (arouses hunger) Gastric bypass surgery = less ghrelin Gastric bypass surgery = less ghrelin Orexin: stimulates hunger (activated by low glucose) Orexin: stimulates hunger (activated by low glucose) Leptin: chemical secreted by fat cells Leptin: chemical secreted by fat cells  suppresses hunger PYY: Digestive hormone / suppresses hunger PYY: Digestive hormone / suppresses hunger Research to address obesity Research to address obesity

Theories on Hunger and Body Weight Set Point: (weight thermostat) Set Point: (weight thermostat)  Body adjusts to changes in food intake to maintain homeostasis (has a general, preset tendancy to maintain a certain body weight)  Less food = rise in hunger, fall in energy  9 month study: ½ food intake, 25% set point  Set point outdated / “settling point” Basal metabolic rate: energy expenditure at rest (metabolism) Basal metabolic rate: energy expenditure at rest (metabolism)

Hunger Motivation

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Obsession with losing weight (15% or more) Obsession with losing weight (15% or more) Starts with weight-lost diet Starts with weight-lost diet Negative self-body image / perfectionist standards Negative self-body image / perfectionist standards Usually adolescents Usually adolescents Mothers who focus on own weight Mothers who focus on own weight Competitive, high-achieving families Competitive, high-achieving families 9 of 10: female 9 of 10: female Genetic and cultural theories Genetic and cultural theories

Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Purge Binge-Purge Overeating, compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, extreme exercise Overeating, compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, extreme exercise Dieter breaks diet restrictions… Dieter breaks diet restrictions… weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges (easy to hide) weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges (easy to hide) Often sweet, high fat foods Often sweet, high fat foods Depression, anxiety Depression, anxiety ½ of anorexia victims have bulimia symptoms ½ of anorexia victims have bulimia symptoms

Anorexia, Bulimia

The Ideal of Slenderness Distorting Reality

Sexual Motivation  Sexual Response Cycle  Initial excitement  Plateau Phase  Orgasm  Resolution

Sexual Motivation  How does the refractory period differ between genders?  How do men and women differ in their respective production of sexual hormones in relation to sexual reception, or drive?  Human sexual motivation: complex web of hormonal and psychological factors  What is the current conclusion in research concerning the environmental influence on sexual orientation?

Social Motivation What needs prompt our social motivation? (Brainstorm and list with a partner.) Social inclusion (need to belong) Acceptance Maintaining relationships Aiding survival

Work and Motivation Types of Occupations Job: make money, but not fulfilling Career: opportunity to advance (up the ladder) Calling: fulfilling, socially useful activity Identify two occupations for each category.

Achievement Motivation Desire to master complex tasks and knowledge to reach personal goals. (More complex behaviors) (More complex behaviors)

Motivation at Work Extrinsic motivation:External motivators / from our environment Intrinsic motivation: internal motivators (interest, enjoyment, satisfaction- “from within”) Self-efficacy

Management and Motivation Theory X: Philosophy of motivating employees by external rewards and punishments Overjustification Effect: when external rewards diminish intrinsic motivations Overjustification Effect: when external rewards diminish intrinsic motivations: Once rewards are no longer offered, interest in the activity is lost; prior intrinsic motivation does not return and extrinsic rewards must be continuously offered as motivation.[ 1][ 1] Theory Y: Philosophy that internal motivation is most efffective and policies should be designed to appeal to a worker’s intrinsic motivation.

“The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us” Youtube.edu

Psychology in the Workplace Industrial-Organizational psychology (fastest growing field of psychology)  Human factors: Optimizing person-machine interactions  Personnel Psychology (Individual focus) Selection and placement Training / developing employees Appraising performance  Organizational Psychology (AKA I-O psychology)  behaviors and attitudes, hiring practices, training programs, (on an organizational basis as opposed to individual)

When Motives Conflict Approach-Approach conflict  Two desirable outcomes Avoidance-Avoidance conflict  Two unattractive outcomes Approach-Avoidance conflict  One event/goal: positive and negative features Multiple Approach-avoidance conflicts  2 or more things / each with desirable and undesirable features