India and Southeast Asia ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: How might religious beliefs affect society, culture, and politics?

TEKS and Objectives We will… (4J) analyze how the Silk Roads and the African gold-salt trade facilitated the spread of ideas and trade I will… ▪ Describe the development of India during the Middle Ages ▪ Explain how the Silk Roads promoted cultural diffusion between India and other parts of the world

India after the Guptas ▪ Split among Buddhists ▪ Theravada: “the teachings of the elders” ▪ Believed they were following original teachings of Buddha ▪ Stressed transformation through moral conduct and meditation ▪ Only a solitary monk can pursue nirvana ▪ Mahayana: “the Great Vehicle” ▪ Emerged in North India ▪ Nirvana open to everyone ▪ Both schools of Buddhism lost popularity in India ▪ Found success in East Asia

Eastward Expansion of Islam ▪ India in chaos after Guptas ▪ No central authority ▪ 70 states in constant warfare ▪ Ghazna (modern-day Afghanistan) ▪ Islamic state founded by Turks ▪ Extended Islamic rule over northern India ▪ Created the sultanate of Delhi ▪ Rajputs ▪ Hindu warriors ▪ Unsuccessful at resisting Muslim advances

Turkish and Mongolian Invasion of India ▪ Timur Lenk ▪ Turkish-Mongol ruler ▪ Brought much of Central Asia under his control ▪ Raided capital of Delhi ▪ 100,000 Hindu prisoners massacred ▪ Babur ▪ Descendant of both Timur Lenk and Genghis Khan ▪ Conquered northern India ▪ Established the Mogul Empire

Indian Society and Culture ▪ Separation of Muslim rulers and Hindu population ▪ Tolerant of other faiths ▪ Used peaceful means to encourage conversion to Islam ▪ Imposed Islamic customs ▪ Social structure ▪ Majority of Indians were peasants ▪ Landed elites and rich merchants lived in cities ▪ Rulers had considerable wealth ▪ Foreign trade ▪ Center for trade between Southwest Asia and East Asia ▪ Source for other goods shipped throughout the world

Formation of States in Southeast Asia ▪ Region between China and India ▪ Two major parts ▪ Mainland region ▪ Archipelago ▪ Contains a mixture of races, cultures, and religions ▪ One of the few regions in Asia not unified by a central government

Vietnam ▪ One of first people to develop own state and culture ▪ Conquered by China in 111 BCE ▪ Overthrew Chinese in tenth century ▪ Chinese influences ▪ Model of centralized government ▪ Adopted Confucianism ▪ Introduced civil service exams

Angkor, Thailand, and Burma ▪ Kingdom of Angkor (present-day Cambodia) ▪ Powerful state on mainland ▪ Enemies on all sides (Vietnam, Champa, and Burma) ▪ Destroyed by Thai ▪ Thailand ▪ Frontier people from China ▪ Replaced the Angkor capital ▪ Converted to Buddhism ▪ Borrowed Indian political practices

Angkor, Thailand, and Burma ▪ Burmese ▪ Pastoral peoples who settled along rivers ▪ Converted to Buddhism ▪ Adopted Indian political institutions and culture

The Malay World ▪ Peoples divided into many communities ▪ Majapahit ▪ Strong kingdom emerged in 1200s ▪ Unified most of the archipelago and parts of mainland ▪ Sultanate of Melaka ▪ Muslim merchants settled around 1400 ▪ Became major trading port ▪ Chief rival to Majapahit

Life in Southeast Asia ▪ Agricultural Societies ▪ Economy based on farming ▪ Vietnam, Angkor, and Pagan ▪ Trading Societies ▪ Melaka ▪ Rise in demand for spices ▪ Roles of women ▪ Worked side by side with men ▪ Played an active role in trade