Industrialization Spreads Chapter 9, Section 3 CA Content Standards – Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., inventions of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasture, Thomas Edison – Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor and capital in an industrial economy

Review of British Industrialization Favorable geography Favorable geography Financial systems Financial systems Natural resources Natural resources Industrialization spreads to United States and other countries that had conditions similar to those of Britain Industrialization spreads to United States and other countries that had conditions similar to those of Britain

Industrial Development in the United States

Industrialization in the United States Began in the textile industry Began in the textile industry British forbid engineers, mechanics and tool makers to leave the country British forbid engineers, mechanics and tool makers to leave the country 1789 – Samuel Slater (mill worker) emigrated to USA 1789 – Samuel Slater (mill worker) emigrated to USA

Industrialization in the United States Slater built spinning machine from memory and partial design Slater built spinning machine from memory and partial design 1790 – Moses Brown opens factory to house Slater’s machines in Pawtucket, Rhode Island 1790 – Moses Brown opens factory to house Slater’s machines in Pawtucket, Rhode Island Brown’s factories only made thread Brown’s factories only made thread

Francis Cabot Lowell 1813 – mechanized every stage in manufacture of cloth 1813 – mechanized every stage in manufacture of cloth Waltham, Massachusetts Waltham, Massachusetts Lowell, Massachusetts Lowell, Massachusetts

Mill Girls Thousands moved from rural areas Thousands moved from rural areas 12 hours a day / 6 days a week 12 hours a day / 6 days a week Alternative to servitude Alternative to servitude

Later Expansion of U.S. Industry 1800s – Northeast experienced most industrialization 1800s – Northeast experienced most industrialization 1865 – Civil War Ended and U.S. experienced a technological boom 1865 – Civil War Ended and U.S. experienced a technological boom

Reasons for Technological Boom (natural resources)

Reasons for Technological Boom (inventions)

Reasons for Technological Boom ( increase in urban population )

Railroads Chicago stockyard and Minneapolis grain industry Chicago stockyard and Minneapolis grain industry By the end of 1800s a limited number of companies controlled 2/3 of the nations railroad tracks By the end of 1800s a limited number of companies controlled 2/3 of the nations railroad tracks

Rise of Corporations Large companies required large amount of capital (money) Large companies required large amount of capital (money) Companies sold stock and stock owners became partial owners Companies sold stock and stock owners became partial owners Corporations - business owned by stock holders who share in profits Corporations - business owned by stock holders who share in profits

Rise of the Corporation (continued) Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie) Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie) Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) Made big profits by controlling most of the industry and reducing the cost of producing goods Made big profits by controlling most of the industry and reducing the cost of producing goods

Beginnings of Industrialization in Belgium Belgium led Europe in adopting British technology Belgium led Europe in adopting British technology –Iron and coal deposits –Waterways for transportation William Cockerill carried illegal plans for a spinning machine to Belgium William Cockerill carried illegal plans for a spinning machine to Belgium –Son built an enormous industrial enterprise –Employees founded their own companies throughout Europe

Germany Industrializes Early 1800s – politically divided; prevented countrywide industrialization Early 1800s – politically divided; prevented countrywide industrialization Coal-rich Ruhr Valley Coal-rich Ruhr Valley Built railroads that connected manufacturing cities (Frankfurt) with Ruhr Valley Built railroads that connected manufacturing cities (Frankfurt) with Ruhr Valley Late 1800s – politically unified; industrial and military giant Late 1800s – politically unified; industrial and military giant

Expansion Elsewhere in Europe Early 1800s – industrialization expanded by region not country Early 1800s – industrialization expanded by region not country France – after 1830 because of strength of agricultural economy France – after 1830 because of strength of agricultural economy –Began railroad construction in 1850 Spain – processed more cotton than Belgium Spain – processed more cotton than Belgium Austria-Hungry – geography posed a problem for transportation Austria-Hungry – geography posed a problem for transportation

Rise of Global Inequality Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized Widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized –Britain exploited colonies for resources and markets United States, Russia and Japan seized colonies for economic resources (Imperialism) United States, Russia and Japan seized colonies for economic resources (Imperialism)

Transformation of Society – revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, communication changed people’s lives – revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, communication changed people’s lives Increased economic power of Europe Increased economic power of Europe Increased life expectancy, opportunities for education, and democratic participation Increased life expectancy, opportunities for education, and democratic participation