REVIEW Monarchs and Conflicts of Europe, 1500 to 1800 CE

Wars and People WARS 1500s – Spanish Armada 1600s – Thirty Years’ War and England’s Civil War/ Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell/Restoration/Glorio us Revolution 1700s – Seven Years’ War and American Revolution and French Revolution PEOPLE Queen Elizabeth I Louis 14 th of France (and Cardinal Richelieu) Peter the Great, then Catherine the Great (Russia) Frederick the Great (Prussia) vs. Maria Theresa (Austria)

The Wars and Conflicts (1) 1500s Catholic Spain used its New World wealth (silver, gold) to attempt to reverse the Protestant Reformation in Europe. 1.Protestant Netherlands (owned by Spain) rebels, wins its independence. 2.Spain launches Spanish Armada, a fleet of ships, to invade and conquer Protestant England, ruled by Queen Elizabeth I. England’s forces, commanded by Sir Francis Drake, sink the Spanish fleet. 3.These wars of religion weaken Spain

The Wars and Conflicts (2) 1600s Thirty Years’ War This bloody conflict between Catholics and Protestants is the last of the great Wars of Religion in Europe. It is fought mostly in German-speaking Europe. 1.It begins in Prague (Bohemia/Modern Czechoslovakia) at the “Defenestration of Prague,” when Protestants throw Catholic representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor out a high window (into a pile of manure). 2.It is fought in several stages over a long period, 30 years. 3.Catholic France under King Louis XIII and his advisor, Cardinal Richelieu, joins with the Protestants as a ploy to strengthen France by weakening Catholic Spain. 4.The war ends in stalemate – but with France as strongest nation in Europe, and Spain much weaker than before. 5.Treaty of Westphalia ends the war. It is the world’s the first peace conference, in which all sides meet to negotiate a truce.

The Wars and Conflicts (3) 1600s England’s Transition to a Constitutional Monarchy As the Thirty Years’ War rages on the continent of Europe, England experiences civil war. King Charles I is beheaded. A strict Puritan Protestant, Oliver Cromwell, becomes dictator, and even bans celebration of Christmas! When he dies, the monarchy is restored. But when the restored king dies, his son takes over – and is a Catholic! Protestant England does not want a Catholic king, so the king is forced to flee into exile – a peaceful revolution called the “Glorious Revolution.” Parliament, run by Protestant nobles, invites Protestant monarchs William and Mary to become king and queen – but they must agree to share power with Parliament and to abide by England’s Constitution and Bill of Rights.

The Wars and Conflicts (4) 1700s Seven Years’ War In German-speaking Prussia, Frederick the Great wants to expand his kingdom. He attacks neighboring Austria when a woman, Maria Theresa, becomes its empress. This is known as the War of the Austrian Succession. Conflicts continue between Frederick and Maria Theresa, eventually leading to the Seven Years’ War. This becomes the first “global” war after Britain joins on the side of Prussia and France joins on the side of Austria, and the war spreads to the Americas and Asia, where France and England both have colonies. In the Americas, George Washington (from Britain’s 13 colonies) defeats the French in what becomes known as the French and Indian War. England gains control of Quebec (Canada) and much of the future Midwestern States of the U.S. near the Great Lakes and Mississippi River. Britain also defeats the French in India, thus India becomes part of the British Empire.

The Wars and Conflicts (5) 1700s In the later part of the 1700s, the 13 British Colonies in North America will fight the American Revolutionary War. George Washington will lead the American colonists to victory. These colonists then will form the United States of America. Even later in the 1700s, the French will revolt against their king.

Queen Elizabeth I Daughter of King Henry 8 th & Ann Boleyn Well educated Later declared illegitimate, imprisoned Red-haired beauty Virgin Queen – never married Ruled for 44 years Maternalistic (motherly love) toward people Hired pirate Sir Francis Drake to plunder Spanish ships with silver/gold from New World Spurned Spanish king’s marriage proposals Defeated Spanish Armada – effort by Spain to invade and conquer England with a fleet of ships Ruled during time of Shakespeare. Her rule known as “Elizabethan Age”

Czar Peter the Great (1672 to 1725) Czar (king) of Russia Very tall, handsome “Grand Embassy” tour of Western Europe Westernized Russia by copying ideas from his “Grand Embassy” tour Built new capital city as a warm-water port on the Baltic Sea to increase trade between Russia and Western Europe. Designed city like Venice, with canals, and named it after himself – St. Petersburg

Catherine the the Great ( ) German who married Russian czar after Peter the Great’s death Helped kill her incompetent husband, then married her lover – a Russian soldier Made herself czarina (empress) Befriended Voltaire Became an “Enlightened” Monarch who tried to weaken the nobles (boyars) and help the poor peasants (serfs) One of first to use new polio vaccine

Frederick the Great (1712 to 1786) Father was very abusive of son, who liked music, art and books and was not manly enough Frederick tried to run away from home with a young soldier friend. Father captured them, imprisoned Frederick, and forced him to watch as his soldier- friend was beheaded When father died, Frederick became king of Prussia, a kingdom in northern Germany. Frederick was a brilliant soldier who fought Austria and its female empress, Maria Theresa, in several important wars, including especially the SEVEN YEARS’ WAR Was a friend of Voltaire’s and, as an Enlightened Monarch, worked hard to improve the life of the common person in Prussia – schools, freedoms, etc.