Investment vs Operating cost The average 800,000 ft² Property has $24,000, replaceable physical plant. The cost of water treatment is $ $0.04/ ft² to protect this investment. The average 800,000 ft² Property has $24,000, replaceable physical plant. The cost of water treatment is $ $0.04/ ft² to protect this investment. The industrial market costs are higher. A 200,000 square foot plant may have roughly $100,000,000 in replaceable physical plant. Water treatment cost may be in the vicinity of $0.10-$0.20 / ft² The industrial market costs are higher. A 200,000 square foot plant may have roughly $100,000,000 in replaceable physical plant. Water treatment cost may be in the vicinity of $0.10-$0.20 / ft² The owner loses $6 million per year (at 6% cost of money) for every year of lost life as a result of poor water treatment. The owner loses $6 million per year (at 6% cost of money) for every year of lost life as a result of poor water treatment.

Who is in charge of your Investment ??? The Treatment Supplier tells you what your problems are. The Treatment Supplier tells you what your problems are. Then they tell you what chemicals to use. Then they tell you what chemicals to use. Then they tell you how much they will cost. Then they tell you how much they will cost. Then they tell you when it is working. Then they tell you when it is working. You know when its not working when something fails. You know when its not working when something fails.

Why treat the water?  Corrosion  Scaling  Deposition  Microbiological

Economics General cooling economics General cooling economics Effect of scale, deposits, and Bio on efficiency and heat transfer Effect of scale, deposits, and Bio on efficiency and heat transfer

POTENTIAL LOSSES Biofouled Condenser Tubes – 10% Biofouled Condenser Tubes – 10% Scaled Condenser Tubes – 15% Scaled Condenser Tubes – 15% Scaled Boiler Tubes – 8-16% Scaled Boiler Tubes – 8-16% Equipment Losses - $ millions Equipment Losses - $ millions Piping Losses - $ millions Piping Losses - $ millions Downtime - $ priceless Downtime - $ priceless

What you are Buying?  Service (70% cost of your program)  Chemicals (Only 20-30% Cost of program)  Intent

What you should Expect. Service Defined Service Defined Visits Visits Testing Testing Recordkeeping Recordkeeping Inspections Inspections Qualifications Qualifications Additional Services Additional Services

Cooling Water Technology  Corrosion Control  Biological Control.  Deposition Control.  Scale Control.  Industry Performance Standards.

CORROSION CONTROL

Tower Corrosion Inhibitors Mild Steel Mild Steel –Phosphates Phosphonates Phosphonates Polyphosphates Polyphosphates Ortho-phosphates Ortho-phosphates –Molybdenum –Zinc –Silicates –Others –Blends Copper Copper –Tolytriazole –BT –MBT –HRA –Others?

Closed Loop Corrosion Inhibitors Mild Steel Mild Steel –Molybdenum –Nitrite –Silicates –Others –Blends Copper Copper –Tolytriazole

Corrosion Control.  Corrosion Rates  Less than 1.0 mils/yr for steel and less than 0.1 mils/yr. for copper.  Less than 0.5 mils/yr. for steel and less than 0.1 mils/yr. for copper.

DEPOSITION CONTROL

Deposition Control. What is deposition. What is deposition. Control with cycles. Control with cycles. Control with polymeric dispersants. Control with polymeric dispersants. –Polyacrylates –Sulfonated Copolymers. –Copolymers –Terpolymers –Quad Polymers Filtration Filtration

Microbiological Control

Aerobic Bacteria Aerobic Bacteria –slime Anaerobic Bacteria Anaerobic Bacteria –SRB, IRB Algae Algae Legionella Bacteria Legionella Bacteria –7 different sero groups Dual Alternating Biocide Program Dual Alternating Biocide Program

Types of Biocides Oxidizing Oxidizing –Chlorine Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite –Bromine Liquid Bromine Liquid Bromine Sodium Bromide Sodium Bromide –Bromine/Chlorine Donors (solids) Hydantoin, Others Hydantoin, Others Ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine gas Ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine gas Non-oxidizing Non-oxidizing –Glutaraldehyde –Isothiazolone –DBNPA –Ethylene Chloride –Carbamates –Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Field Testing

Bacteria Performance Aerobic Bacteria should at or less than 10,000 cells/ml in open condenser water systems Aerobic Bacteria should at or less than 10,000 cells/ml in open condenser water systems Bacteria should be at or less than 1,000 cells/ml in closed loops. Bacteria should be at or less than 1,000 cells/ml in closed loops. Anaerobic Bacteria at or below 50 cells/ml Anaerobic Bacteria at or below 50 cells/ml

SCALE CONTROL

Scale Inhibitors and Control REALLY DEPENDING ON THE HARDNESS + ALKALINITY TO PROVIDE THE MILD STEEL CORROSION CONTROL. REALLY DEPENDING ON THE HARDNESS + ALKALINITY TO PROVIDE THE MILD STEEL CORROSION CONTROL. YOU WORK ON DEPOSITON CONTROL. YOU WORK ON DEPOSITON CONTROL. Phosphonates Phosphonates –HEDP –PBTC Carboxylic Acid Carboxylic Acid

Industry Changes Companies/People Companies/People Tubes Tubes Environmental Environmental Service Industry Service Industry

ENHANCED TUBES

What you should know about enhanced tubes and package units? They need flow to be protected. They need flow to be protected. They need the correct biocide program. They need the correct biocide program. They need adequate copper protection. They need adequate copper protection. They need proper brushing. They need proper brushing. They need to be inspected with proper equipment. They need to be inspected with proper equipment. They need to be eddy current tested. They need to be eddy current tested.

Underdeposit Corrosion

ENHANCED TUBE BRUSHES

Rat Race System

Cleaning New Systems New Systems –Proper Cleaning –White Rust –Filters –First Year Chiller Maintenance Eddy current Eddy current Corrosion Corrosion Inspections Inspections

White Rust

LSI How many cycles can I run? How many cycles can I run? When will I deposit? When will I deposit? Example Example