Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Early Childhood Part 4

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physical Development And Health In Early Childhood Chapter 9

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 1. How do children's bodies change between ages 3 and 6, and what are their nutritional and dental needs? 2. What sleep patterns and problems tend to develop during early childhood? 3. What are the main motor achievements of early childhood, and how does children's artwork show their physical and cognitive maturation?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 4. What are the major health and safety risks for children? 5.What are the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect, and what can be done about it?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physiological Development Bodily Growth And Change Abdominal muscles develop  the toddler potbelly tightens Trunk, arms, and legs grow longer The head is still relatively large

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physiological Development Nutrition Preschoolers eat less in proportion to their size than infants do Obesity today is more common among preschoolers

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Much television advertising aimed at young children fosters poor nutrition by promoting fats and sugars rather than proteins and vitamins. How might parents counteract these pressures?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physiological Development Oral Health Tooth decay in early childhood often stems from overconsumption of sweetened milk and juices in infancy Permanent teeth, which begin to develop long before they appear at about age 6, may be affected if thumb-sucking does not stop after age 4

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Describe typical physiological changes around the age of 3? Summarize preschoolers’ dietary needs and explain why obesity and tooth decay can become concerns at this age? Discuss how and when thumb-sucking should be treated?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Physiological Development Sleep Patterns And Problems Children in different cultures may get the same amount of sleep each day, but its timing may vary Young children may develop elaborate routines to put off retiring Transitional objects, bedtime companions, help a child shift from dependence in infancy to independence in later childhood Nightmares or sleep terrors, bed-wetting

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Motor Development Motor Skills Gross motor skills involve the large muscles, such as running and jumping  sports, dancing, etc. Fine motor skills involve small muscles in hands and fingers, such as tying shoelaces and cutting with scissors  writing, drawing, etc.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Drawings from children’s early pictorial stage show energy and freedom; those from the later pictorial stage show care and accuracy. Why do you think these changes occur? How would you evaluate them?

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Motor Development Handedness= the preference for using one hand over the other Usually evident by 3 years of age Is handedness genetic or learned? existence of a single gene for right- handedness? Artistic Development Children's early pictures show energy and freedom; later, they show care and accuracy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Minor Illnesses These illnesses help build natural immunity Coughs, sniffles, stomachaches, and runny noses are a part of early childhood

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Accidental Injuries Motor vehicle injuries Ingestion of toxic substances Burned by scalding liquids or in fires Fall from heights

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Health In Context: Environmental Influences Genes contribute some predisposition toward some medical conditions Environment children live in makes a tremendous difference

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Maltreatment: Abuse And Neglect Maltreatment= Deliberate or avoidable endangerment of a child Abuse=action that inflicts harm, i.e. physical, sexual, verbal Neglect=inaction that leads to harm, i.e. not meeting a child's basic needs, such as food, clothing, medical care

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Maltreatment: Abuse And Neglect Contributing Factors: An Ecological View Aggravated by other family problems, such as poverty, alcoholism, or antisocial behavior Many abusers are lonely, unhappy, anxious, depressed, angry, or aggressive Abusive parents tend to have marital problems and to fight physically

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Maltreatment: Abuse And Neglect Long-Term Effects: Physical, emotional, cognitive, and social Often have disorganized-disoriented attachments to their parents and negative, distorted self-concepts May become either overly aggressive or withdrawn

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Maltreatment: Abuse And Neglect Helping Families In Trouble Or At Risk Intervention strategies should be: comprehensive, neighborhood-based, centered on protecting children, and aimed at strengthening families State and local Child Protective Services agencies investigate reports of child maltreatment; determine what steps, if any, need to be taken

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Define four types of child abuse and neglect? Discuss the incidence of maltreatment and explain why it is hard to measure? Identify contributing factors having to do with the child, the family, the neighborhood, and the wider Society? Give examples of effects of child abuse and neglect? Describe ways to prevent or stop maltreatment and help its victims?