AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH. 22n 18o CLASS NOTES Location, Pattern, and Structure of Cities

Urban Geography Study of how cities function, their internal systems, & the external influences on themStudy of how cities function, their internal systems, & the external influences on them Remember the Urban Hierarchy?Remember the Urban Hierarchy?

Development of Cities Influenced by:Influenced by: Physical character of places they occupy…Physical character of places they occupy… (SITE / Absolute Location)(SITE / Absolute Location) By a riverBy a river In a ValleyIn a Valley In MountainsIn Mountains

Jamestown

&… Position relative to other placesPosition relative to other places (SITUATION / Relative Location)(SITUATION / Relative Location) Why Shenzhen has developed into a big city?Why Shenzhen has developed into a big city? Lies next to Hong KongLies next to Hong Kong Benefits from econ. activityBenefits from econ. activity

Hong Kong

Shenzhen

Functional specialization in a national urban system: Cities specialize in certain functions; more significant centers serve a wider array of functions (Knox and Marston 2001).

Rank-Size Rule – In a model urban hierarchy, population of a city is inversely proportional to its rankRank-Size Rule – In a model urban hierarchy, population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank Largest city = 12 millionLargest city = 12 million 2 nd largest = 6 million (1/2)2 nd largest = 6 million (1/2) 3 rd largest = 4 million (1/3)3 rd largest = 4 million (1/3) 4 th largest = 3 million (1/4)4 th largest = 3 million (1/4)

RSR not work with Primate City!!!!

City and Surrounding Area Every city has an adjacent region which its influence dominatesEvery city has an adjacent region which its influence dominates Hinterland – “behind the city”Hinterland – “behind the city”

Central Business District – “downtown” – the core of the cityCentral Business District – “downtown” – the core of the city Suburb – Outlying part of urban area – usually residential and adjacent to the city (SPRAWL)Suburb – Outlying part of urban area – usually residential and adjacent to the city (SPRAWL)

N. AMERICAN CITY MODELS 1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones Ernest Burgees – Chicago 1920sErnest Burgees – Chicago 1920s BID – RENT CurveBID – RENT Curve 2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge – flow with features2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge – flow with features Homer HoytHomer Hoyt 3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position Chauncy HarrisChauncy Harris (Review all in book!!!)(Review all in book!!!)

Concentric Zone Model

Burgess Analysis

BID RENT CURVE

N. AMERICAN CITY MODELS 1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones Ernest Burgees – Chicago 1920sErnest Burgees – Chicago 1920s 2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge – flow with features2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge – flow with features Homer Hoyt (Chicago)Homer Hoyt (Chicago) 3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position – Several Growth Points3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position – Several Growth Points Chauncy Harris (LA)Chauncy Harris (LA) (Review all in book!!!)(Review all in book!!!)

Hoyt Sector Model - Revision

N. AMERICAN CITY MODELS 1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones1. Concentric Zone Model - 5 functional zones Ernest Burgees – Chicago 1920sErnest Burgees – Chicago 1920s 2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge– flow with features2. Sector Model – Growth can extend from CBD to city’s edge– flow with features Homer HoytHomer Hoyt 3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position – Several Growth Points3. Multiple Nuclei Model – CBD losing dominant position – Several Growth Points Chauncy HarrisChauncy Harris (Review all in book!!!)(Review all in book!!!)

Multiple Nuclei Model

Los Angeles

EDGE CITIES Shifting focus of urbanization away from CBD to outlying area (Suburb)Shifting focus of urbanization away from CBD to outlying area (Suburb) Suburbs develop own downtowns (Schaumburg)Suburbs develop own downtowns (Schaumburg) Large amounts of office / retail space, industrial parksLarge amounts of office / retail space, industrial parks Lost tie to central city CBDLost tie to central city CBD ExurbsExurbs

Galactic City or Edge City Model

URBAN REALMS Components of urban areas that function separately in some ways, but linked in the greater sphereComponents of urban areas that function separately in some ways, but linked in the greater sphere

Cities Employment Structure A %age work producing goods to satisfy demands (city’s Basic Sector)A %age work producing goods to satisfy demands (city’s Basic Sector) Manufacturing plantManufacturing plant A %age work to keep the city itself going (Non-basic Sector)A %age work to keep the city itself going (Non-basic Sector) Police, Fire, Garbage, WaterPolice, Fire, Garbage, Water

For every 1 Basic, about 2-3 Non-basicFor every 1 Basic, about 2-3 Non-basic Multiplier Effect – Jobs created in Basic create (more) jobs in Non-basicMultiplier Effect – Jobs created in Basic create (more) jobs in Non-basic Economic Reach – How far out a city can attract people to come in for its goods / servicesEconomic Reach – How far out a city can attract people to come in for its goods / services

Central Place Theory Centrality – crucial to development of urban places and their service areasCentrality – crucial to development of urban places and their service areas By Walter ChristallerBy Walter Christaller Attempts to explain how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be spatially and functionally distributedAttempts to explain how and where central places in the urban hierarchy would be spatially and functionally distributed

Nested hexagonal market areas predicted by Central Place Theory Central Place Theory -Spatial model of the sizes and location patterns of settlements that serve as central places for nested hierarchy of market areas

CPT Theory attempts to explain the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.

Central Place Theory - Assumptions Geographic assumptions (Christaller, 1930s) - “featureless” landscape on an infinite plane - uniform population distribution Behavioral (economic) assumptions - consumers shop at the closest place possible - consumers do not go beyond the range of the good - firms’ market areas equal or exceed threshold of good Hexagonal market areas most efficient - nonoverlapping circles leave areas unserved - higher-order central places also offer lower-order functions

Central Place Theory

CPT - 2 Key Concepts Threshold - is the minimum market (population or income) needed to bring about the selling of a particular good or service. Range - is the maximum distance consumers are prepared to travel to acquire goods - at some point the cost or inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good.

The result of these consumer preferences is that a system of centers of various sizes will emerge. Each center will supply particular types of goods forming levels of hierarchy. Large cities serve as Econ. Hubs –Have most goods and services

Ex. lower order goods and services are: newspaper stalls, gas stations, groceries, bakeries, and post offices. –They are supported by a smaller threshold (population and demand). Ex. high order goods and services are: jewelry, large shopping arcades and malls, Casinos, IKEA, Pro Sports Teams. –They are supported by a much larger threshold.

1. The larger the settlements are in size, the fewer in number they will be. –(many small villages, but few large cities) 2. The larger the settlements grow in size, the greater the distance between them. –villages are usually found close together, while cities are spaced much further apart. 3.As a settlement increases in size, the range and number of its functions will increase. 4.As a settlement increases in size, the number of higher-order services will also increase. –a greater degree of specialization occurs in the services.