Based on an original PowerPoint by Ms. Susan M. Pojer with additional slides by Bob Daugherty

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 ß California statehood. ß What to do with territory gained through the Mexican War ß Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession. ß Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws ß California statehood. ß What to do with territory gained through the Mexican War ß Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession. ß Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws

Compromise of 1850 ß Worked out by “Immortal Trio” of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster ß California would come in as a free state ß Territories of Utah and New Mexico would choose slave status (Pop. Sovereignty): ß Texas would give up its disputed territory in return for $10 Million dollars to pay debts ß Slave auctions prohibited in Washington, D.C. but slavery allowed  Stronger Fugitive Slave Law (backfired for South ) ß Worked out by “Immortal Trio” of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster ß California would come in as a free state ß Territories of Utah and New Mexico would choose slave status (Pop. Sovereignty): ß Texas would give up its disputed territory in return for $10 Million dollars to pay debts ß Slave auctions prohibited in Washington, D.C. but slavery allowed  Stronger Fugitive Slave Law (backfired for South )

Getting the Compromise Passed! Senator Stephen Douglas nursed bill through Congress Pres. Taylor (though a slave owner) opposed spread of slavery and was likely to veto bill It would only be passed over his… DEAD BODY! And then…. Taylor died suddenly! Coincidence or Conspiracy?

Questions about the 1850 Compromise to consider ßWhy can it be said that the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North? ßWho benefited most from the Compromise? ßWhy can it be said that the Compromise of 1850 won the Civil War for the North? ßWho benefited most from the Compromise?

Compromise of 1850

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) “So this is the lady who started this great war.” -- Abraham Lincoln “So this is the lady who started this great war.” -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom and Simon Legree The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky." Stereotypes Created by Uncle Tom’s Cabin But the book does turn me “fence-sitters” against slavery and helped keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy during the Civil War

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party ] ßNativists (America for Americans) ßAnti-Catholic ßAnti-immigrant ßAnti-Irish ßNativists (America for Americans) ßAnti-Catholic ßAnti-immigrant ßAnti-Irish 1849  Secret Order of the Star- Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil “We Polked them in ’44, we’ll Pierce ‘em in ’52!” END OF WHIG PARTY and NATIONAL PARTIES. INSTEAD WE ARE LEFT WITH DANGEROUS SECTIONAL PARTIES!

1852 Election Results

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) In an effort to please Southerners Stephen Douglas proposed this actIn an effort to please Southerners Stephen Douglas proposed this act Divided free Nebraska territory into two territories: Kansas & NebraskaDivided free Nebraska territory into two territories: Kansas & Nebraska Popular Sovereignty would decide free/slave status (assumed Kansas would go slave)Popular Sovereignty would decide free/slave status (assumed Kansas would go slave) Repudiates 36°30’ Missouri Compromise lineRepudiates 36°30’ Missouri Compromise line Led to “Bleeding Kansas” atrocitiesLed to “Bleeding Kansas” atrocities Led to birth of new Republican PartyLed to birth of new Republican Party

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians) Hoping to win Kansas for their side both groups began settling (and arming) Kansas

John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre 1856 In retaliation for a “border ruffian” attack on Lawrence, KS John Brown and his son’s massacre five pro- slavery men along a Creek

LeCompton Constitution Constitution allowed voters to vote for Kansas “with slavery” or “with no slavery” HOWEVER….. If they voted against slavery provisions STILL allowed owners with slaves already in Kansas to keep them! New and weak Pres. Buchanan agrees to support Lecompton Anger,led by Sen. Stephen Douglas, leads to vote on entire Constitution Whole constitution voted down and Kansas remains territory….

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 ßCaused by Kansas Nebraska Act Made up of: ßNorthern Whigs. ßNorthern Democrats. ßFree-Soilers. ßKnow-Nothings. ßOther miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. ßCaused by Kansas Nebraska Act Made up of: ßNorthern Whigs. ßNorthern Democrats. ßFree-Soilers. ßKnow-Nothings. ßOther miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA ) Rep. Preston Brooks (D-SC) John L. Magee’s Southern Chivalry— Argument Versus Clubs Preston Brooks savagely beat Sumner on floor of US Senate

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican American Party √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican American Party

1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 o A slave had lived in North as a free man with his master o Sued for his freedom o Results: 1. Overturned Missouri Compromise of African-Americans were not considered citizens (“They have no rights that a white man need respect.”)

What caused the Panic of 1857?? What were its effects on the nation?

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 “A House divided against itself, cannot stand.” “A House divided against itself, cannot stand.”

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty?

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20 c )

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.  Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing- KY)

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

War Comes at Fort Sumter! April 12, 1861