African Religions

YORUBA CULTURE

WHO ARE YORUBA PEOPLE? There are over 10 million Yoruba-speaking people in Nigeria and over 10 million Yoruba and Yoruba-descended people who have migrated throughout the world—about There are over 10 million Yoruba-speaking people in Nigeria and over 10 million Yoruba and Yoruba-descended people who have migrated throughout the world—about 25 million Yoruba people in The term “Yoruba” refers to: 1) a language; 2) an ethnicity; and 3) a culture The term “Yoruba” refers to: 1) a language; 2) an ethnicity; and 3) a culture Millions of Yoruba slaves were captured and held as slaves between and thus have descendents throughout the Caribbean, South America, and North America. Millions of Yoruba slaves were captured and held as slaves between and thus have descendents throughout the Caribbean, South America, and North America.

YORUBA CREATION STORY OLODUMARE is the supreme deity OLODUMARE is the supreme deity Before there was life on earth, Olodumare called OBATALA, one of 12 “arch” deities Before there was life on earth, Olodumare called OBATALA, one of 12 “arch” deities Bronze Statue of Ooni of Ife in full regalia at Ife Museum

OBATALA IMAGES

Olodumare decided he wanted to create dry land on the waters of the Earth, Ile Aye Olodumare decided he wanted to create dry land on the waters of the Earth, Ile Aye Olodumare gave Obatala ase (power) to make land: Olodumare gave Obatala ase (power) to make land: 1) snail filled with earth 2) 5-toed chicken 3) palm nuts

“How do I make the journey?” “How do I make the journey?” “Gather all the gold in the sky and take it to OGUN.” Ogun forged a gold chain to link the sky with the earth. “Gather all the gold in the sky and take it to OGUN.” Ogun forged a gold chain to link the sky with the earth.

Then Ogun flung the chain towards Earth and Obatala began to descend, BUT the last rung was still far from waters of earth! Then Ogun flung the chain towards Earth and Obatala began to descend, BUT the last rung was still far from waters of earth! Obatala removed the snail shell from pouch and sprinkled earth soil on waters Obatala removed the snail shell from pouch and sprinkled earth soil on waters He dropped the 5-toed chicken on the land, and it started to scratch and spread the dirt across the surface of the waters He dropped the 5-toed chicken on the land, and it started to scratch and spread the dirt across the surface of the waters

When Obatala saw firm ground, he dropped a palm nut on the land, which sprouted into a palm tree. When Obatala saw firm ground, he dropped a palm nut on the land, which sprouted into a palm tree. The palm tree grew to reach the last rung of the gold chain, so Obatala climbed into the palm tree. The palm tree grew to reach the last rung of the gold chain, so Obatala climbed into the palm tree. Palm Trees in Abeokuta, NI

Then, Obatala started to mold humans from the earth clay, but he became tired and made palm wine from the fruit of the tree and got drunk! So, he accidentally created humans with some abnormalities—like blindness or skin conditions. But he ke p t drinking until he fell asleep! Olodumare gave the task of finishing Creation to Oduduwa, who told Obatala that it was taboo to drink palm wine again. Obatala then agreed to protect all children and humans born with physical challenges. Olodumare gave the task of finishing Creation to Oduduwa, who told Obatala that it was taboo to drink palm wine again. Obatala then agreed to protect all children and humans born with physical challenges.

Oduduwa then went on to finish creating the human species! Oduduwa then went on to finish creating the human species! Or…(another version) When Obatala woke up, he was embarrassed and apologetic. Olodumare forgave him and then gave him the responsibility of molding the physical bodies of human beings. Or…(another version) When Obatala woke up, he was embarrassed and apologetic. Olodumare forgave him and then gave him the responsibility of molding the physical bodies of human beings.

Ile-Ife The Cradle of Yoruba Civilization

African Religions “African Traditional Religions” = indigenous religions “African Traditional Religions” = indigenous religions Islam = introduced to sub-Saharan AF in 11 th c. Islam = introduced to sub-Saharan AF in 11 th c. Christianity = introduced to West AF in 15 th c. Christianity = introduced to West AF in 15 th c. Syncretic = indigenous Christian Syncretic = indigenous Christian movements since early 1900’s

African religious cosmos 1. Variety of gods, goddesses, spirits 2. 3 domains: 1. Social world (human) 2. Natural world 3. Supernatural world 3. Supreme Being Greatness, transcendence, superiority, all- knowing, omnipotence, father-like, BUT no temples, priests, annual festivals, images

African religious cosmos 4. Pantheon of lesser deities abilities of supreme being (creation), aspects of nature (water), historical humans (leaders), human activities (agriculture) celebrate through myth, song, prayer, sacrifice, possession, gendered, character, food, color, altars, images, priests, rituals, daily relationships

African religious cosmos 5. Ancestors “living dead” influence the living Senior community members (respect & gifts) Maintain moral & social order 6. Humans Body & “soul/s” (emi=spirit, ori=destiny) Integral parts of religious cosmos

Ritual Organized group activity Organized group activity Relationships among humans, super- humans & nature give meaning to ritual Relationships among humans, super- humans & nature give meaning to ritual Rites of passage: define social, religious, physical identity (birth, puberty, marriage, death) Rites of passage: define social, religious, physical identity (birth, puberty, marriage, death)

Rites of Passage (van Gennep) 1. Separation: breaking ties w/old identity (i.e. cutting hair, fasting, purification) 2. Liminality: state of in-between transition, non-status, non-identity, radical potential, opportunity for rebirth, transformation 3. Incorporation: new mode of existence, cause for celebrations

Important Rituals Prayer = using power of speech to: Prayer = using power of speech to: deliver messages, express concerns, ask questions, receive health, wealth, children, declare gratitude deliver messages, express concerns, ask questions, receive health, wealth, children, declare gratitude Ritual technique to solve problems Ritual technique to solve problems Sacrifice = destroy something valuable for religious reason Sacrifice = destroy something valuable for religious reason Influence state of religious cosmos Influence state of religious cosmos Superhuman agent receives offering Superhuman agent receives offering Ritual means for humans to sustain network of meaningful relationships among humans, super-humans, and nature Ritual means for humans to sustain network of meaningful relationships among humans, super-humans, and nature

Traditional religious specialists 1. Spirit mediums/priests = speak for possessing super-human agents --mediums are called, inspired, or forced to serve --ability to tell future, divine, heal 2. Priests = ritual leaders with body of knowledge and skills --learned profession, can be inherited --represent humans 3. Sacred King = Ensure well-being of kingdom

Healers = posit cause of dis-ease; diagnose; prescribe treatment to remove cause of illness Healers = posit cause of dis-ease; diagnose; prescribe treatment to remove cause of illness Sorcerers = malicious humans who employ magic to harm enemies Sorcerers = malicious humans who employ magic to harm enemies Witches = cause physical harm Witches = cause physical harm Inherited or acquired Inherited or acquired

Healing Causes: natural & supernatural; human- human, human-divine, & human-natural relationships are messed up Causes: natural & supernatural; human- human, human-divine, & human-natural relationships are messed up Divination: ritual process, humans obtain inaccessible, obscure info. about a client’s place in religious cosmos Divination: ritual process, humans obtain inaccessible, obscure info. about a client’s place in religious cosmos Priests handle neutral objects Priests handle neutral objects Priests interpret meaning of results Priests interpret meaning of results (i.e. Yoruba Ifa diviners & Orunmila & Odu, 16 palm nuts, x8 times, 256 chapters)

What is life? Creating, maintaining, modifying the quality of your relationships with 3 dimensions of the religious cosmos: super-human, human, and natural forces If these relationships are flawed, you experience illness, suffering, misfortune