NOUNS CHAPTER 7

REGULAR & IRREGULAR PLURALS READ P. 101 COMPLETE EXERCISE 4 & 5 – P

POSSESSIVE NOUNS TO SHOW POSSESSION, ADD AN ‘S THE GIRL’S BOOK IS ON THE TABLE. THE DOG’S FOOD IS IN HIS BOWL. THE BOOK’S COVER IS BLUE

POSSESSIVE NOUNS IF A SINGULAR NOUN ENDS IN –S, THERE ARE TWO POSSIBLE FORMS: ADD AN ‘S – THOMAS’S ADD ONLY AN ‘ – THOMAS’ (THIS IS THE MORE COMMON FORM)

POSSESSIVE NOUNS FOR PLURAL NOUNS THAT DON’T END IN –S: ADD ‘S THE MEN’S BOOKS ARE ON THE TABLE. THE WOMEN’S FITTING ROOM IS BEING PAINTED.

POSSESSIVE NOUNS FOR PLURAL NOUNS THAT END IN –S: ADD ONLY AN ‘ THE GIRLS’ BOOKS ARE ON THE TABLE. THE MANAGERS’ REPORTS HAVE BEEN COPIED.

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 8 & 9 – P

NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES WHEN A NOUN IS USED AS AN ADJECTIVE, IT IS USED IN ITS SINGULAR FORM. IT IS VEGETABLE SOUP. IT IS AN OFFICE BUILDING. THE ANIMAL CLINIC IS BUSY. THE STUDENT LOUNGE IS BEING PAINTED.

NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES WHEN A NOUN IS USED AS A MODIFIER WITH A NUMBER EXPRESSION, THE NOUN IS SINGULAR AND A – (HYPHEN) IS USED. SHE HAS A FIVE-YEAR-OLD SON. (NOT - FIVE YEARS OLD SON) IT WAS A TWO-HOUR TEST. (NOT – IT WAS A TWO HOURS TEST)

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISE 12

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS A COUNT NOUN: MAY BE PRECEDED BY A/AN OR ONE IN THE SINGULAR. A CHAIR AN APPLE TAKES A FINAL –S/-ES IN THE PLURAL. TWO CHAIRS/A LOT OF CHAIRS THREE APPLES/A BOWL OF APPLES

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS A NON-COUNT NOUN: IS NOT IMMEDIATELY PRECEDED BY A/AN/ONE HAS NO PLURAL FORM, SO DOES NOT TAKE A FINAL –S/-ES SOME FURNITURE/A LOT OF FURNITURE (NOT FURNITURES) THE INTERNET (NOT INTERNETS)

NON-COUNT NOUNS (LIST ON P. 110) MANY NONCOUNT NOUNS REFER TO A WHOLE THAT IS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT PARTS (FURNITURE) SOME REPRESENT WHOLE MASSES THAT ARE MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES/ELEMENTS (SUGAR/COFFEE) MANY NONCOUNT NOUNS ARE ABSTRACTIONS - THEY CAN’T BE TOUCHED (LUCK) SOMETHING FROM NATURE IS OFTEN USED AS A NON-COUNT NOUN (SUNSHINE/RAIN) MANY NOUNS CAN BE BOTH COUNT AND NON-COUNT, BUT THE MEANING CHANGES: NON-COUNT: ANN HAS BROWN HAIR. COUNT: TOM HAS A HAIR ON HIS JACKET

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 17 & 19

USING “A” OR “X”: GENERIC NOUNS GENERIC NOUNS MAKE GENERALIZATIONS. A GENERIC NOUN REPRESENTS A WHOLE CLASS OR GROUP OF THINGS: SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS: A BANANA IS YELLOW. PLURAL COUNT NOUNS: BANANAS ARE YELLOW. NON-COUNT NOUNS: FRUIT IS GOOD FOR YOU.

USING “A” OR “SOME”: INDEFINITE NOUNS INDEFINITE NOUNS ARE THINGS (NOT SYMBOLS), BUT THEY ARE NOT SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED: SINGULAR COUNT NOUN: I ATE A BANANA. (THE SPEAKER IS NOT REFERRING TO A SPECIFIC BANANA, JUST SAYING THEY ATE ONE – THE LISTENER DOESN’T NEED TO KNOW EXACTLY WHICH BANANA THE SPEAKER ATE) PLURAL COUNT NOUN: I ATE SOME BANANAS. (SPECIFIC BANANAS DON’T MATTER – CAN ALSO USE X/TWO/SEVERAL/A LOT OF….) NON-COUNT NOUNS: I ATE SOME FRUIT. (CAN ALSO USE X/A LITTLE/A LOT OF…)

USING “THE”: DEFINITE NOUNS A NOUN IS DEFINITE WHEN BOTH THE SPEAKER AND THE LISTENER ARE THINKING ABOUT THE SAME SPECIFIC THING: SINGULAR COUNT NOUN: THANK YOU FOR THE BANANA. (LISTENER KNOWS WHICH SPECIFIC BANANA THE SPEAKER IS TALKING ABOUT) PLURAL COUNT NOUN: THANK YOU FOR THE BANANAS. NON-COUNT NOUN: THANK YOU FOR THE FRUIT. NOTICE: “THE” IS USED WITH COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS, UNLIKE “A/AN”

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 21 AND 22

ARTICLE USAGE USE “THE” WHEN YOU KNOW OR ASSUME THAT YOUR LISTENER KNOWS (AND IS THINKING ABOUT) THE SAME SPECIFIC PERSON OR THING YOU ARE REFERRING TO. THE SUN IS BRIGHT TODAY. PLEASE HAND THIS BOOK TO THE TEACHER. SIT AT THE DESK THAT HAS THE TEST WITH YOUR NAME ON IT.

ARTICLE USAGE USE “THE” FOR THE SECOND MENTION OF A INDEFINITE NOUN (NOT GENERIC). YESTERDAY I SAW SOME DOGS. THE DOGS WERE CHASING A CAT. THE CAT WAS CHASING A MOUSE. THE MOUSE RAN INTO A HOLE. THE HOLE WAS IN MY KITCHEN WALL. THE WALL OBVIOUSLY NEEDS TO BE FIXED.

ARTICLE USAGE DO NOT USE “THE” WITH A PLURAL COUNT OR NON-COUNT NOUN WHEN YOU ARE MAKING A GENERALIZATION: APPLES ARE MY FAVORITE FRUIT. (NOT “THE APPLES”)) GOLD IS A METAL. (NOT “THE GOLD”)

ARTICLE USAGE A SINGULAR COUNT NOUN (CAR) IS ALWAYS PRECEDED BY (1) AN ARTICLE (A/AN/THE), (2) THIS/THAT, OR (3) A POSSESSIVE PRONOUN: I DROVE A CAR. I DROVE THAT CAR. I DROVE HIS CAR. NOT: I DROVE CAR.

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 26, 27, AND 29

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY USED WITH NOUNS AN EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY CAN COME BEFORE A NOUN. SOME EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY ARE ONLY USED WITH COUNT NOUNS: ONE, TWO, THREE, ETC. BOTH A COUPLE A FEW SEVERAL MANY A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES: TWO APPLES BOTH APPLES A NUMBER OF APPLES

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY USED WITH NOUNS SOME ARE ONLY USED WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS: A LITTLE MUCH A GREAT DEAL OF EXAMPLES: A LITTLE RICE MUCH RICE A GREAT DEAL OF RICE

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY USED WITH NOUNS SOME ARE USED WITH BOTH COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS: NO HARDLY ANY SOME/ANY MOST A LOT OF LOTS OF PLENTY OF ALL EXAMPLES: NO APPLES/NO RICE A LOT OF APPLES/A LOT OF RICE PLENTY OF APPLES/PLENTY OF RICE

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 32, 33, AND 34 – P

A FEW/FEW - A LITTLE/LITTLE A FEW AND FEW ARE USED WITH PLURAL COUNT NOUNS: WE SANG A FEW SONGS. WE SANG FEW SONGS. A LITTLE AND LITTLE ARE USED WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS: WE LISTENED TO A LITTLE MUSIC. WE LISTENED TO LITTLE MUSIC.

A FEW/FEW - A LITTLE/LITTLE A FEW AND A LITTLE HAVE A POSITIVE MEANING – THEY EMPHASIZE THAT SOMETHING EXISTS. SHE HAS BEEN HERE ONLY TWO WEEKS, BUT SHE ALREADY HAS MADE A FEW FRIENDS. POSITIVE IDEA: SHE HAS MADE SOME FRIENDS I’VE BEEN ABLE TO SAVE A LITTLE MONEY. POSITIVE IDEA: I HAVE SAVED SOME MONEY INSTEAD OF SPENDING IT.

A FEW/FEW - A LITTLE/LITTLE FEW AND LITTLE HAVE A NEGATIVE MEANING – THEY EMPHASIZE THAT SOMETHING IS SMALL OR MOSTLY ABSENT: SHE HAS FEW FRIENDS. NEGATIVE IDEA: SHE HAS A VERY LOW NUMBER OF FRIENDS. I HAVE SAVED VERY LITTLE MONEY. (*VERY MAKES THE AMOUNT EVEN SMALLER) NEGATIVE IDEA: I HAVEN’T SAVED VERY MUCH MONEY.

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 37, 38, AND 39

SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE/EACH/EVERY ONE, EACH, AND EVERY ARE FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY SINGULAR COUNT NOUNS: ONE STUDENT WAS LATE TO CLASS. EACH STUDENT HAS A SCHEDULE. EVERY STUDENT HAS A SCHEDULE.

SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE/EACH/EVERY ONE OF, EACH OF, AND EVERY ONE OF ARE FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY THE + A PLURAL COUNT NOUN: ONE OF THE STUDENTS WAS LATE TO CLASS. EACH OF THE STUDENTS HAS A SCHEDULE. EVERY ONE OF THE STUDENTS HAS A SCHEDULE

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISES 42 AND 43

USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY OF IS USED WITH SPECIFIC NOUNS: ONE OF THOSE BOOKS IS MINE. SOME OF THE BOOKS ARE YOURS. AND WITH PRONOUNS: MANY OF MY BOOKS ARE IN SPANISH. MOST OF THEM ARE PAPERBACKS.

USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANITY SOME EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY, SUCH AS A LOT OF, ALWAYS INCLUDE OF WHETHER THE NOUN IS NONSPECIFIC OR SPECIFIC: I HAVE A LOT OF BOOKS. I’VE READ A LOT OF THOSE BOOKS.

USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY WITH SOME EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY, OF IS NOT USED WITH THE NOUN IS NONSPECIFIC: I BOUGHT ONE BOOK. I BOUGHT MANY BOOKS.

PRACTICE COMPLETE EXERCISE 45 – P. 131 COMPLETE EXERCISE 50 – P. 134 COMPLETE CHAPTER REVIEW PACKET