Pojer adapted by Anderson

Define the Industrial Revolution. Production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinesProduction shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines Long, slow process beginning in England and spreading to the rest of the worldLong, slow process beginning in England and spreading to the rest of the world

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

Why did Changes in Agriculture have to occur first? Farming methods improveFarming methods improve Experiment with different crops and soil- turnipsExperiment with different crops and soil- turnips Jethro Tull invents the Seed DrillJethro Tull invents the Seed Drill

The Enclosure Movement  Took over land commonly used by all  Larger plots of land- more productive  Many small farmers and farm laborers were without a job  Moved to the cities looking for work- provided the labor force for the factories

“ Enclosed ” Lands Today

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Mine & Forge [ ] ù More powerful than water is coal. ù More powerful than wood is iron. ù Innovations make steel feasible.  “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”  “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.  Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame” Read about Arkwright’s Life

Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Corporation: investors put in $, get a % of the profit

Textile Factory Workers in England looms 150, 000 workers , 000 looms 200, 000 workers , 000 looms>1 million workers

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile Factory Workers in England- read children in the mills

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d s. 1d. 4s. 3d s. 2d. 7s. 3d s. 2d. 8s. 5d s. 4d. 8s. 7d s. 8d. 8s. 9d s. 7d. 9s. 8d s. 3d. 9s. 3d s. 7d. 8s. 10d s. 4d. 8s. 4d s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Age of workers in cotton mills in Lancashire in 1833 AgeMalesFemales under ,1691, ,

Age of workers in cotton mills in Lancashire in 1833 AgeMalesFemales under ,1691, ,

Young “ Bobbin-Doffers ”

John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

The Power Loom- by The Power Loom- by Edmund Cartwright

James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

“ The Great Land Serpent ”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Queen Victoria Opens the Great Exhibition

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman

The New Industrial City

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “ Lady Bountifuls ”

The Luddites: Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. WHY??

The Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith- The Wealth of NationsAdam Smith- The Wealth of Nations Government should not interfere in the economy Free market= unregulated exchange of goods and services Produce more goods and lower prices benefiting everyone

Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. Don’t provide charity or vaccines! × Food supply will then keep up with population.

David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × wages naturally tend to fall to the minimum level necessary for subsistence × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages. × Government should not help the poor- let them help themselves through hard work and thrift

The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

Jeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Owen ’ s Utopia Robert Owen- social reformerRobert Owen- social reformer Cotton Mill Owner- could have good working conditions and still turn a profitCotton Mill Owner- could have good working conditions and still turn a profit –Cut hours –Built homes –Started schools –Company store

Karl Marx- Communism The Proletariat (workers) could not continue to work in the horrible conditionsThe Proletariat (workers) could not continue to work in the horrible conditions Predicted: workers of the world would unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie (owners)Predicted: workers of the world would unite and overthrow the bourgeoisie (owners) Replace government with a dictatorship of the proletariatReplace government with a dictatorship of the proletariat –All the workers would own the means of production –Work to their interest and ability

Government Response k Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. k Sadler Commission to look into working conditions  Factory Act [1833] – child labor. k New Poor Law [1834] –cut the cost of helping the poor.  Poor houses. k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform Bills

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

Bibliographic Sources ) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. /ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html ) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” eight/primary.htm