What Was the Industrial Revolution? Shift from agriculture to industry Shift from wind/water to coal/steam Shift from cottage industries to machine- driven, mass-production Mass migration to cities

Two Stages 1st Revolution ( ) *coal, iron *steam *textiles 2nd Revolution ( ) *steel *electricity *chemicals

Transportation Revolution Railway Boom ( ) –stimulates coal & iron industries –jobs in railway construction –experience in civil engineering –encourages new class of investors –faster, cheaper transport of goods George Stephenson’s Rocket

Why not on the Continent? Lack of roads, navigable rivers Customs barriers Guild restrictions more prevalent Conservative investment culture Wartime disruptions “Continental System” created technical gap between British and Continental machinery “Boo.”

“Um, yeah, that’s a good idea. I’m glad I thought of it.” Generally same path to industrialization on Continent as in Great Britain (post-1815) Differences: –Rely on imported British technical advice –Technical schools –Government intervention subsidize education & infrastructure protective tariffs –Joint-stock investment companies (Credit Mobilier--France)

Important Milestones Thomas Newcomen, steam pump (1712) James Watt, steam engine (1760s) Richard Arkwright, water frame spinning machine (1768) Edmund Cartwright, power loom (1787) Henry Cort, Cort process for purifying iron (1780s) George Stephenson, steam locomotive (1830) Thomas Edison, electric lightbulb (1879) Gottlieb Daimler, internal combustion engine (1886) Guglielmo Marconi, radio (1901)

Industrial Growth, 1900 Industrial Growth, 1850

Industrial Growth, 1900

Im-Balance of Power Great Britain (1851) –50% coal –50% iron –50% manufactures Germany (1870s) –build newer, more efficient plants –encourage formal scientific & technical education Crystal Palace, 1851 Otto