Towards standardization of AMI in South Africa by Edison Makwarela 23 February 2016

Presentation Agenda AMI Drivers and background in South Africa Key standardization definitions Overview of current AMI deployments in South Africa Considerations and requirements for standardization AMI Standardisation approaches and proposals Overview of the Draft NR049 Architecture Brief comment on security Concluding remarks

Key Drivers for AMI Maximise Operational efficiencies - Achieve improved billing accuracy through automated reading, revenue protection and low voltage (LV) network monitoring and visualisation. National Regulatory Support – Comply with national regulations (773) with respect to the use of smart systems and time-of-use tariffs for customers consuming above 1,000 kWh / month. Support Demand Management through: Load Shifting - Shift load of medium to high (1000kWh/month) residential consumers (LSM 7 and above) through TOU tariff. Promoting Customer Behaviour Change - Incentivise the efficient use of electricity, power conservation through TOU tariff to promote lifestyle changes. Load Control – Control non-essential appliance load during system constraints / emergencies. Micro-generation – Facilitation of micro-generators billing

AMI Meter functionalities Time-of-Use ENABLED Staggered come-back loads for load reduction/shifting Two-way Wireless Communication Prepayment or Credit meter Dynamic customer messaging Remote disconnect & reconnect AMI Meter Remote Load limiting/reduction on supply capacity Outage & Fault Notification Power Quality (Voltage) Monitoring Remote Individual Appliance Control Device Remote Electricity readings, if required water meter Reading Administer Free Basic Services Detection of Tampering and Load Shed Bypassing Under Frequency detection

Some definition for consideration ... Standardisation (from Wikipedia): The process of developing and implementing technical standards. Standardization can help to maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality. It can also facilitate commoditization of formerly custom processes. Openness means that the functional architecture specified shall be capable to meet current and future needs, integrate new communication technologies, and be implemented in a range of physical embodiments, including fully integrated, modular and multi-part equipment Interoperability is the ability of a system to exchange data with other systems of different types and/or from different manufacturers.

Typical AMI System – Current implementations Master Station AMI Master Station W e b S r v i c s AMI Master Station 2 AMI Master Station 3 AMI Master Station 1 *No HAN* Proprietary CIU Proprietary ACD *No common HES* Proprietary systems *Prop. DCU/Meter* Enterprise Systems

AMI areas that require standardization Functional Requirements Meters and other field devices (e.g. DCs, ACDs, etc.) Communication protocols Common Language Interoperability Specification for metering devices Mechanical, ports, Electrical, Environmental, etc. Communication technologies (PLC, RF) Common Head-End systems Data Security Minimum requirements specified Utilities to add their specific requirements

Considerations for SA Standards Large investment in STS prepayment technology – over 10 million meters 490 STS certified products, 124 manufacturers globally, only open standard that certifies credit transfer by means of a 20 digit numeric token carrier up to the Application layer. As IEC member country SANC is obliged to follow IEC standards by preference where these exist. The IEC 62056-1-0 framework for smart metering mandates DLMS/COSEM as the semantic Application layer protocol for smart meters and the use of lower layer communication profiles. These profiles are developed and published as various IEC standards. NRS049 references IEC 62056-1-0 as its primary departure point and follows the IEC profile standards where these exist. There are 597 DLMS/COSEM certified products, 74 manufacturers certifies semantic inter-operability up to the Application layer.

AMI Open Protocols Approach MDMS Master Station (MS) Data Concentrator (DC) Stand-alone meters Meters CIU ACD TCP/IP IEC61968-9 DLMS/COSEM G3 PLC Fibre, RF, 3G, 4G, etc. NRS049 SEP 2 | HomePlug ZigBee | STS NRS049, SABS/IEC STS (Prepayment) G3 PLC, Fibre, RF, 3G, 4G, etc. Fibre, RF, 3G, 4G, etc. Data Security Interoperable &Interchangeable system IDIS

AMI Open Protocols Approach (with secure kiosks/enclosures) MDMS Master Station (MS) Data Concentrator (DC) Stand-alone meters Meters CIU ACD TCP/IP IEC61968-9 G3 PLC Fibre, RF, 3G , 4G, etc. DLMS/COSEM (Companion Spec) NRS049 SEP 2 | HomePlug ZigBee | STS STS (Prepayment) SABS/IEC Fibre, RF, 3G, 4G, etc. Data Security Standards Interoperable &Interchangeable system (Companion Spec.) IDIS Secure Kiosk Controller HES SK Controller

NRS049 Architecture version

Additional Smart Prepaid Requirements Facility for the meter to be set up in pre-paid or post-paid mode. Facility for the customer's credit to be entered via the system back-end or via the meter ; Emergency credit? Facility for customers and municipalities/utilities to choose different credit token systems i.e. currency or kWh Separate Import/export registers (Net metering) & Net billing Outage detection (loss of supply to the meter) Provide accurate real time clock for time-stamping events/alarms and time- related activities on the meter Update the meter firmware to include updated/new functionality Provide for future interfacing with non-energy metering applications Customer Portal & Mobile Interface GPS Registers Allow future-proof communications (open system)

Data Security, Data Protection & Privacy Challenges Consumers need privacy assurance Public networks and open standards makes smart meters vulnerable to cyber attacks Legal metrology block must be protected from undue influence from other functions. Reverse engineering - the most probable attack! HES m CIU DC m CIU m CIU DLMS/COSEM Level 1 Security and Public/Private keys

Concluding remarks South Africa need open protocols and standards, preferably a national standard Recommendation is to adopt existing and proven IEC standards & Protocols, we cannot afford to re-invent the wheel Proprietary protocols and products are a no go area. NRS049 is being revised to include open protocols for a smart metering systems. Companion specification to be finalized based on IDIS

Thank you