Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric P A R T B

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue  Found throughout the body; most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues  Not as regenerative as epithelial tissue  Types  Connective tissue proper (loose & dense)  Cartilage  Bone  Blood

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Connective Tissue  Binding and support  Protection  Insulation  Transportation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Figure 4.6

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Connective Tissue  Connective tissues have:  Common Origin: all arise from Mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue)  Varying degrees of vascularity  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have poor blood supply or are avascular  Nonliving extracellular matrix: consisting of ground substance and fibers  Surrounds the living cells  Allows it to bear weight and withstand tension

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Elements of Connective Tissue  3 Main Components of Connective Tissue  Ground substance – unstructured material that fills the space between cells & contains fibers  “Connective Tissue Glue”  Cells – each major class of CT has a specific cell type that is found there  fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structural Elements of Connective Tissue  3 Main Components of Connective Tissue  Fibers – provides support  Collagen – strong, flexible, but slightly elastic  Found in tendons  Elastic – made of rubber-like protein call elastin; not as strong, but very stretchy  Found in skin, lungs, blood vessels, vocal cords  Reticular – very thin, collagen supporting networks  “skeleton” of organs

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar Connective Tissue: Model Figure 4.8

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Loose  Areolar connective tissue  Function: supports & binds body parts together while allowing free movement  Contains all three connective tissue fibers  Location:  Wraps and cushions organs, blood vessels, & nerves  Surrounds glands  Forms subcutaneous tissue  Widely distributed throughout the body

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Figure 4.9a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Loose  Adipose connective tissue (fat tissue)  Function: high nutrient storing ability, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects  Location:  Under skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts  Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Figure 4.9b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Loose  Reticular connective tissue  Reticular cells lie in a fiber network  Function: Forms a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types  Location: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Loose Figure 4.9c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Dense  Dense regular connective tissue  Closely packed, parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers  Major cell type is fibroblasts  Poorly vascularized  tissue repair is slow  Function: Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone  Withstands tension in only one direction  Location: tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular Figure 4.9d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Dense  Dense Irregular Connective Tissue  Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers  Major cell type is fibroblasts  Function: Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength  Location: dermis, digestive tract

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular Figure 4.9e

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Cartilage  Tough, flexible (more flexible than bone)  Withstands tension and compression  Lacks nerve fibers  Lacks blood vessels (avascular)  heals slowly when injured  Aging cartilage cells lose ability to divide  Up to 80% water

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Cartilage  Hyaline Cartilage  Most abundant type of cartilage in the body  Function: Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression  Locations: Forms the costal cartilage (between ribs and sternum), embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage Figure 4.9f

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Cartilage  Elastic Cartilage  Function: Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility  Location: Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage Figure 4.9g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Cartilage  Fibrocartilage  Function: Provides strong support and absorbs compression shock  Location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of the knee joint

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage Figure 4.9h

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)  More collagen fibers, inorganic salts, blood vessels, and lacunae (small spaces) than cartilage  Vascularized  heals faster than cartilage  Functions: Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action  Stores calcium, minerals, and fat  Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis (forms blood cells)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) Figure 4.9i

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Blood  Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)  Contained within blood vessels  Function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue: Blood Figure 4.9j