Standard Addressed: 11.8 Students analyze the economic boom and social transformation of post–World War II America. Lesson Objectives: Section 2 - The American Dream in the Fifties 1. Explain how changes in business affected workers. 2. Describe the suburban lifestyle of the 1950s. 3. Identify causes and effects of the boom in the automobile industry. 4. Explain the increase in consumerism in the 1950s.

THE POSTWAR BOOM THE AMERICAN DREAM IN THE 1950S John Naisbitt

SECTION 2: THE AMERICAN DREAM IN THE FIFTIES After WWII ended, Americans turned their attention to their families and jobs New businesses and technology created opportunities for many By the end of the 1950s, Americans were enjoying the highest standard of living in the world Ozzie and Harriet reflected the perfect American family

The Organization and the Organization Man The American Dream in the Fifties 2 SECTION NEXT Conglomerates Conglomerates—corporation that owns smaller, unrelated companies Diversify to protect from downturns in individual industries Continued...

THE ORGANIZATION AND THE ORGANIZATION MAN During the 1950s, businesses expanded rapidly More and more people held “white-collar” jobs - clerical, management, or professional jobs The fields of sales, advertising, insurance and communications exploded White Collar jobs expanded greatly in the 1950s

The Organization and the Organization Man Employment in the U.S. By 1956, majority of Americans not in blue-collar (industrial) jobs More in higher-paying, white-collar (office, professional) positions Many in services, like sales, advertising, insurance, communications The American Dream in the Fifties 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

CONGLOMERATES EMERGE Conglomerates, major corporations that include a number of smaller companies in unrelated fields, emerged in the 1950s One conglomerate, International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), bought rental car companies and hotel chains

continued The Organization and the Organization Man Franchises Franchise—company offers similar products, services in many places - also the right to use company name and system Fast-food restaurants among first, most successful franchises 2 SECTION NEXT

FRANCHISES EMERGE Another strategy for business expansion was franchising A franchise is a company that offers similar services in many locations Fast food restaurants developed the first franchises in America McDonald’s is one of the leading franchises in the world

continued The Organization and the Organization Man 2 SECTION NEXT Social Conformity Many employees with well-paid, secure jobs lose individuality Personality tests see if job candidates fit in company culture Companies reward teamwork, loyalty, encourage conformity

SOCIAL CONFORMITY American workers found themselves becoming standardized Called the “Organization Man,” the modern worker struggled with a loss of individualism Businesses did not want creative thinkers, rebels or anyone that would “rock the boat”

Despite their success, some workers questioned whether pursuing the American dream exacted too high a price, as conformity replaced individuality

Guided Reading: Postwar America TRENDSEFFECTS 1. Business expansion: conglomerates and franchise Standardized what people ate; Offered economic advancement to people who would confirm; Offered job security to more Americans; Contributed to the baby boom and suburbanization; Offered consumers more choices

THE SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE Most Americans worked in cities, but fewer and fewer of them lived there New highways and the affordability of cars and gasoline made commuting possible Of the 13 million homes built in the 1950s, 85% were built in suburbs For many, the suburbs were the American Dream The American Dream complete with a white picket fence

MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – How were conglomerates and franchises alike and how were they different? Both were successful business entities that grew rapidly. The conglomerate grew by diversifying; Franchises grew by opening identical stores in new locations.

B – What effect did the climate in many corporations have on some workers? Some became dissatisfied with the emphasis on conformity and the impersonal corporate atmosphere.

WOMEN’S ROLES IN THE 1950S During the 1950s, the role of homemaker and mother was glorified in popular magazines, movies and television

WOMEN AT WORK Those women who did work were finding job opportunities limited to fields such as nursing, teaching and office support Women earned far less than man for comparable jobs

D – How did women’s roles and opportunities in the 1950’s differ from women’s roles today? Most 1950’s women were homemakers and had fewer education and career opportunities than women have today.

Guided Reading: Postwar America TRENDSEFFECTS 2. Suburban expansion: flight from the cities Offered people the chance to live the American dream; Especially women, to feel dissatisfied with their lives; Contributed to the popularity of the automobile; Led to the decline of cities; Created racial and economic gulfs between suburban and city dwellers

The Suburban Lifestyle The Baby Boom 1950s, 85% of new homes built in suburbs 1945–1965 baby boom—soaring birth rate after soldiers return 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

THE BABY BOOM During the late 1940s and through the early 1960s the birthrate in the U.S. soared At its height in 1957, a baby was born in America every 7 seconds (over 4.3 million babies in ’57 alone) Baby boomers represent the largest generation in the nation’s history

WHY SO MANY BABIES? Why did the baby boom occur when it did? Husbands returning from war Decreasing marriage age Desirability of large families Confidence in economy Advances in medicine

The Suburban Lifestyle 2 SECTION NEXT Advances in Medicine and Childcare New drugs fight, prevent childhood diseases Dr. Jonas Salk develops vaccine for poliomyelitis Pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock writes popular guide for parents Baby boom impacts economy, educational system Continued...

ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND CHILDCARE Advances in the treatment of childhood diseases included drugs to combat typhoid fever and polio (Jonas Salk) Dr. Salk was instrumental in the eradication of polio

DR. SPOCK ADVISES PARENTS Many parents raised their children according to the guidelines of pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock He thought children should be allowed to express themselves and parents should never physically punish their kids Dr. Spock’s book sold 10 million copies in the 1950s

IMPACT OF BABY BOOM As a result of the baby boom 10 million students entered elementary schools in the 1950s California built a new school every 7 days in the late ’50s Toy sales reached an all-time high in 1958 when $1.25 billion in toys were sold

Fads of the Baby Boomers Hula Hoops Frozen Foods Poodle Skirts and Saddle Shoes Panty Raids Barbie and GI Joe Dolls Bikinis Frisbees Yo-yos Ouija Boards Dune Buggies What celebrity deaths have most affected the Baby Boomers? John F. Kennedy Marilyn Monroe Martin Luther King John Lennon

C – How did the baby boom affect American life in the 1950’s? Creation of youth-centered culture; Increased demand for consumer goods and jobs related to rearing and educating children.

continued The Suburban Lifestyle Women’s Roles Magazines, TV, movies glorify role of homemaker, mother Over 1/5 of suburban wives dissatisfied with their lives 1960, 40% mothers work; limited opportunities, less pay than men 2 SECTION NEXT

Guided Reading: Postwar America TRENDSEFFECTS 3. Population growth: the baby boom Created the largest generation in US history; Contributed to suburbanization and business and business expansion; Led to widespread overcrowding in schools and teacher shortage; Led to a boom in activities geared toward youth

continued The Suburban Lifestyle 2 SECTION NEXT Leisure in the Fifties Shorter work week, paid vacation, labor-saving devices free up time People have time for recreational activities, spectator sports Book, magazine, comic book sales climb rapidly

LEISURE IN THE 1950s Americans experienced shorter work weeks and more vacation time than ever before Leisure time activities became a multi-billion dollar industry Labor-saving devices added more spare time Labor-saving devices provided more leisure time for Americans

POPULAR LEISURE ACTIVITES In 1953 alone Americans spent $30 billion on leisure Popular activities included fishing, bowling, hunting and golf Americans attended, or watched on T.V., football, baseball and basketball games Bowling remains one of the top leisure activities in the U.S.

Guided Reading: Postwar America TRENDSEFFECTS 4. Dramatic increase in leisure time Contributed to business expansion in leisure fields; Gave people time engage in a wide variety of recreational pursuits; Helped to increase sales of books and magazines

Automania Cheap, plentiful gas, easy credit, advertising increase car sales No public transit in suburbs; cars necessary The Automobile Culture 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

THE AUTOMOBILE CULTURE After the rationing of WWII, inexpensive and plentiful fuel and easy credit led many to buy cars By 1960, over 60 million Americans owned autos

E – Why did auto sales surge in the 1950’s? Cars were necessary for life in the suburbs, Americans loved cars, and the positive economic factors allowed for Americans to buy cars.

The Automobile Culture 2 SECTION NEXT The Interstate Highway System Local, state roads link cities, suburbs to schools, shops, work Interstate Highway Act—nationwide highway network unites country Highways enable long-haul trucking, new towns, family vacations Towns near highways prosper; those near older, smaller roads decline Continued...

INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACT 1956 In 1956 Ike authorized a nationwide highway network – 41,000 miles of road linking America

THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM “Automania” spurred the construction of roads linking major cities while connecting schools, shopping centers and workplaces to residential suburbs

Mobility Takes Its Toll Auto boom stimulates new businesses— e.g. drive-in movies Cars create social, environmental problems— e.g. accidents, pollution Upper-, middle-class whites leave cities; jobs, businesses follow Economic gulf widens between suburban and urban - also widens gap between middle class and the poor continued The Automobile Culture 2 SECTION NEXT

IMPACT OF THE HIGHWAY The Interstate Highway system resulted in: More trucking Less railroad More suburbs, further away Trucking is the #1 means of moving cargo in the United States today

HIGHWAYS “HOMOGENIZE” AMERICA Another effect of the highway system was that the scenery of America began to look the same Restaurants, motels, highway billboards, gas stations, etc. all began to look similar The nation had become “homogenized” Anytown, USA

“Our new roads, with their ancillaries, the motels, filling stations, and restaurants advertising eats, have made it possible for you to drive from Brooklyn to Los Angeles without a change of diet, scenery, or culture.” John Keats, The Insolent Chariots 1958

DOWNSIDE TO MOBILITY While the car industry boom stimulated production, jobs, shopping centers, and the restaurant industry, it also had negative effects Noise Pollution Accidents Traffic Jams Stress Decline of public transportation

Guided Reading: Postwar America TRENDSEFFECTS 5. Dramatic increase in the use of the automobile Spurred the building of roads and interstate highways; Encouraged suburbanization and urban decline; Helped the trucking industry to take business from the railroads; Helped to unify and homogenize the nation; Offered Americans more possibilities for leisure activities; Stimulated other industries; Created noise and air pollution; Led to more traffic jams and accidents

Consumerism Unbound 2 SECTION NEXT Planned Obsolescence Planned obsolescence—making products that get outdated, wear out - makes consumers buy or want to buy new ones Continued...

GMC: Greatest Made Chevy

CHEVROLET: Can Hear Every Valve Rattle On Long Extended Trips

CHRYSLER: Company Has Recommended You Start Learning Engine Repair

DODGE: Drips – Oil, - Drops - Grease - Everywhere Dad's - Old - Dead - Garage - Experiment

FORD: Fix- Or- Repair- Daily; Fast- Only- Rolling- Downhill; Found- On- Road- Dead Funding- Our- Retirement- Daily (from a mechanic's point of view);

F – What positive and negative effects did the mass availability of the automobile have on American life in the 1950’s? Positive – growth of suburbs, increased mobility. Negative – Pollution, deterioration of public transportation

New Products 60% of Americans in middle class; twice as many as before WW II Consumerism (buying material goods) equated with success Numerous new products appear on market in response to demand Consumerism Unbound 2 SECTION NEXT Continued...

NEW PRODUCTS One new product after another appeared in the marketplace Appliances, electronics, and other household goods were especially popular The first credit card (Diner’s Club) appeared in 1950 and American Express was introduced in 1958 Personal debt increased nearly 3x in the 1950s

Buy Now, Pay Later Credit purchases, credit cards, installments extend payment period Private debt grows; consumers confident of future prosperity continued Consumerism Unbound 2 SECTION NEXT

RISE OF CONSUMERISM By the mid-1950s, nearly 60% of Americans were members of the middle class Consumerism (buying material goods) came to be equated with success and status

G – How manufacturers influence Americans to become a throwaway society? They designed products to break down, wear out, and go out of style.

continued Consumerism Unbound 2 SECTION NEXT The Advertising Age Most people have satisfied basic needs; ads encourage extra spending Psychological appeals in ads lure consumers to particular products Ads appear in all media; television emerges as powerful new tool

THE ADVERTISING AGE The advertising industry capitalized on runaway consumerism by encouraging more spending Ads were everywhere Ad agencies increased their spending 50% during the 1950s Advertising is everywhere today in America

Guided Reading: Postwar America TRENDSEFFECTS 6. The rise of consumerism Helped to popularize the equating of material goods with success; Contributed to the expansion of business; Encouraged manufacturers to produce a wider variety of goods Encouraged planned obsolescence and the “throwaway society”; Caused an increased in private debt; Led to a boom in the adversity industry