Economics of International Migration10 Jan Brzozowski, PhD Cracow University of Economics

Assimilation and integration Socio-cultural integration Determinants of economic integration Ethnic enclave Transnationalism

Socio-cultural integration The entrance into new socio-cultural system is diffucult and demanding task Upon arrival, immigrants usually do not know the cultural codes, habits, attitudes of the receiving society Immigrants have also limited social capital, especially weak relations with the representatives of the receiving society

Foreigners in Poland: what are the most striking cultural differences? Poles abroad: which elements of host country culture have you found most difficult to understand/accept?

Initial approaches Chicago school of sociology ( s: Park, Thomas, Znaniecki etc.): immigrants have to recconstruct their identity in order to succed in host country Chicago 1860 – population 10 thousand – exceeds 2 million (mostly due to migration) Ethnic groups compete with each other for jobs, political positions and power (f.i. Polish-Irish conflicts within the Catholic Church, Jewish-Irish conflicts for jobs/occuppations) But also they cooperate (f.i. Jewish and Italian gangs in New York in 1930s and 1940s)

O.Handlin (1951): notion of the immigrants as „uprooted” from their home society and culture. Therefore they need to adjust to majority as soon as possible for their own benefit M.Gordon (1964): assimilation of immigrants seen as a linear process (stages of assimilation) Assimilation perceived as unilateral (angloconformism: the minority adopts the cultural symbols of majority/WASP – the melting pot)

The evolution of assimilation Breton (1964): notion of institutional completeness; immigrants able to build the autonomous institutions and secure the basic needs within the ethnic ghetto Conzen et al. (1992) – immigrants not passive, but the active payers of assimilation. They are able to reconstruct their identity and negotiate it with the receiving society (f.i. St. Patric’s Day) Alba&Nee (1997): assimilation as two-way process, the receiving society also adopts some cultural traits brought be newcomers

Berry (1997): multiple options avaliable for socio-cultural adaptation

2-dimensional model Degree of attatchment to origin(0,0) (1,0) (1,1) Degree of attatchment to destination (0,1) Marginalization Assimilation Separation Integration

Example: socio-cultural adaptation of 4 ethnic groups in Malopolska region (Brzozowski&Pędziwiatr, 2014)

Language Marginalisation Assimilation Separation Integration Armenia MENA Ukraine Wietnamese All

Culture Assimilation Integration Marginalisation Separation Armenia MENA Ukraine Wietnamese All

Ethinc self-identification Assimilation Integration Marginalisation Separation Armenia MENA Ukraine Wietnamese All

Ethnic interaction Assimilation Integration Marginalisation Separation Armenia MENA Ukraine Wietnamese All

Migration ecperience Assimilation Integration Marginaliztion Separation Armenia MENA Ukraine Wietnamese All

Why we are talking about this? Socio-cultural and economic adaptation are interlinked

Determinants of wage assimilation (1 – same income or bigger than PL average, 0 – otherwise) woman-1.211*** (-3.13) years of residence0.267** (2.40) years of residence (sq)-0.007** (-1.97) bad economic situation before mig-1.092*** (-2.76) education (years)0.117** (2.04) owning a business1.204*** (2.71) good comandment in Polish1.416*** (2.71) cons-3.114*** (-2.70) R2 (pseudo)0.2083

Determinants of economic integration Human capital (education, esp. education in host countries) Social capital (access to social networks) Cultural capital (language skills) Financial capital (economic situation before immigration) Entrepreneurial skills

Ethnic enclave (Wilson&Portes, 1980) Immigrants become concentrated with other co-ethnic, also in economic sense They are able to attain higher income in ethnic firms, than just working in the secondary sector for the natives Ethnic encalve forms a niche in the mainstream economy at host country Some businesses serve the co-ethnic population only (f.i. car retail, construction), while others are oriented to heterogenous clients (f.i. ethnic restaurants)

Michael’s case Global business (international trade) The headquarters of the company in Germany Each year constantly on the move between Basel, Zurich, Los Angeles, New York, Tokio (over 150 days in a year) Free time spent in Poland and Austria Cosmopolitism?