Today…  Please turn in…  Signed Syllabus (due TODAY)  Language of Science Assignment from last class (if you haven’t yet)  Please have your science notebook ready today  Hall Passes (4 per quarter = 10 extra credit points)  Prefix/Suffix Dictionary

Genetics  Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation, centered on the study of genes.

Genetics  A GENE is a segment of DNA that has the information to produce a functional protein. Genes are commonly identified on the way their affect traits, or characteristics of organisms.

Genetics To understand the relationship between genes and traits, we need to understand the composition of ALL living organisms Every cell (from bacteria to elephants) is composed of small organic molecules, building blocks, that form larger molecules. These building blocks are called macromolecules

Macromolecules  Macromolecules: large (macro-) molecules that make up the majority of all cell components  Macromolecules = Polymers  Poly= many

Macromolecules  Polymers are formed with MANY smaller units called monomers  Mono= one

Macromolecules There are 4 most important classes of macromolecules in living organisms: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates  Sugars and starches  Monosaccharides are the monomer building block for carbohydrates  Mono- = one  Saccharides = sugar

Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates  3 basic kinds of carbs: 1. Monosaccharides: simple single sugars (glucose) 2. Disaccharides: two monosac. bond together (sucrose, table sugar) 3. Polysaccharides: many monosac. bond together (starches in plants, energy storage)

Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates  Purpose: Energy! & Structure

Macromolecules 2. Lipids  Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids  Fatty acids are the monomer  Purpose: long term energy, waterproofing leaves/stems, creating a cell membrane

Macromolecules 3. Proteins  Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells  Amino Acids are the monomer to build up polypeptide chains  These polypeptide chains coil, bend, and fold in specific ways to form a protein

Macromolecules 3. Proteins  Primary Structure: polypeptide chains of amino acids aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

Macromolecules 3. Proteins  Secondary Structure: polypeptide chains start to bond form helixes and pleated sheets Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

Macromolecules 3. Proteins  Tertiary Structure: helixes/pleated sheets coil up to form more complex 3D shapes Beta Pleated Sheet Alpha Helix

Macromolecules 3. Proteins  Quaternary Structure: more than one tertiary structure bond together  PROTEIN subunits

Macromolecules 3. Proteins  Speed up chemical reactions  Enzymes  Structural support  Karatin  Storage  Ferritin (iron)  Transport  membrane embedded proteins  Movement  Hemoglobin  Defense  antibodies Proteins have thousands of different jobs in an organism!

Macromolecules 4. Nucleic Acid  These make up DNA and RNA  Deoxyribo nucleic acid  Ribo nucleic acid  Carry genetic information for an organism  Code for proteins  DNA  RNA  Protein  Nucleotides are the monomer

Macromolecules 4. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides:  Comprised of three parts:  Sugar  Phosphate  Nitrogenous base

Macromolecule Chart  As a class

Macromolecule Sorting Activity  Individually

Macromolecule Video 