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C ontrastive A nalysis By: Carl James Chapter 1 Part 1-Page 1-10 Presented by: Dr. Faiza Abdalla

 1.2 The Place of CA in Linguistics  Who is a linguist?  is the person who is professionally engaged in the study and teaching of one or more languages. He is interested in language families, history and universality and relationship bw Ls.  A polyglot: or a linguist  Multilingual person who with philosophical interest, interested in thought and truth, who can work as a translator or interpreter.

 Linguists have always been interested in comparing and contrasting different language systems.

Linguistic studies can be done by following different approaches: :  1/particularists Some linguists are interested in studying and analyzing one language with its peculiar (strange) characteristics. Those linguists are called particular/ists. They tend to study language in isolation.

Other linguists are called: generalists who are interested in studying languages in groups. They are not interested in one particular language. They study languages as a phenomenon فينومنون (( ظاهره of human life.

Those generalists study one language in comparison to other languages to find that every language may have its individuality, but all languages have enough in common)share). Thus we have classes of languages as:  Analytic تحليله  Synthetic مؤلفه / مركبه  inflectional إعرابي  tone لهجه / لها صوت خاص languages.

 Another linguistic approach is whether the study of language are the two sciences synchronic or diachronic. studied by De Saussure ( ):  Synchronic study according to De Saussure سوشر (1959) refers to the study of one language (one aspect of a language) at a specific point of its history.(is static side of science)

 Diachronic study refers to the study of one language (or one aspect of a language) at different times of its history.(this do with evolution side of science) Means change.  Actually, all Ls. have enough in common to be compared and classified into types, this called linguistic typology.  Typology : established classifying system

 It classifies languages according to their preferred grammatical devices(tools)  Or it talks abut: Synthetic تراكيب Inflectio nal اعراب Tones اسلوب - نغمة Analytic تحليل Agglutinati ng تراص

another approach refers to the way of studying languages either in:  Isolation: when studying the properties of a language away from other languages. OR  Comparative: When studying languages with comparison to each other.

Is CA generalist or particularist? Is it concerned with immanence ذاتيه of comparison? Is it diachronic or synchronic?

 First:  It is not yet clear cut :  Neither generalist or particularis Is CA generalist or particularist?(P: 2

 It is intermediate on scale between the two extremes. And because CA is interested in comparing bw Ls. So it interested in classification under which both approaches are involve. Is it concerned with immanence ذاتيه of comparison?

 Finally,  It is not interested in language families or history  Nor in statistic phenomena to call it synchronic. So we can call it both- But  What is CA?  It is a hybrid linguistic enterprise  (Project)  (Mixture)  Aimed to produce inverted two valued typologies.  i.e (always contrastive) not comparative. On the assumption that Ls can be compared Is it diachronic or synchronic?

What is Contrastive Analysis? The word contrastive implies that is it more interested in the differences and similarities between languages than being interested in languages families and history. What is Contrastive Analysis? Fisiak (1981) defines CA as "a sub- discipline of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between Them."

In other words, CA is a branch of applied linguistics that is concerned with studying and findings the similarities and differences between a pair of languages or more based on the assumption that languages can be compared then applying these findings to the area of teaching and learning languages.

 Robert Lado's formulation of the "Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis" in his “Linguistics across Cultures” (1957) is considered the greatest contribution in the field of CA studies.

 After the World War II, the interest in teaching foreign languages increased in the USA and many linguists were concerned with the studies that tries to predict the learning difficulties on the basis of comparing the native language with the foreign language being learnt, and also the study of bilingualism and language contact phenomena.

 It was originally known as Comparative Linguistics then it became known as Contrastive Linguistics, Contrastive Study, Contrastive Analysis, and Differen/tial Linguistics where all these terms can be used interchangeably in the same context.

The term transfer/interference is dealt with in CA to explain the difficulties learners face in learning a second language. To avoid any misunderstanding, transfer is used interchangeably with interference. Transfer refers to the influence of L1 on L2 in both positive and negative way. Odlin (1989) presents a definition of transfer as " The influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired."

Positive transfer occurs where a language item in L1 is also present in L2, so acquisition of this item makes little or no difficulty for the learners. Negative transfer occurs when there is no concordance between L1 and L2 and thus, acquisition of the new L2 structure would be more difficult and errors reflecting L1 structure would be produced. (Powell: 1998)

 Q1. Define the following:.  A. the linguist.  B. Bolyglot  Q2. what the interest or field of CA?  Q3. Classify the linguistics approaches of CA?  Q4. What is the difference between dychronic and synchronic approaches?

 Q7 Define negative and positive transfer?  Q8. is contrastive analysis synchronic or diachronic?  Q9.How Fisiak defined CA?

THANK YOU

 Part 2

CONTRASTIVE Analysis Chapter 1 Part 2 Presented by: Dr. Faiza Abdalla

Earlier they assumed that, any branch of linguistics has objectives to study human language. A Language may be: Extant موجوده - vital حيويه or dead انقرضت and only found as a written representations of the language in question. But, now. There are other branches of linguistics are more specialized and studies parts of whole languages

 Examples of these branches::  1.phonetics:  concerns with human noise(its audio able shape- nature- combination, function in relation to the msg.)  2. Dialectology:  Concerns with dialect.  Language as hey assume viewed in dialect  Dialects are vary among themselves.  There are 3 kinds of dialects:  1. Historical dialect  2. Geographical dialect  3. S ocial dialect

 Is a linguist who concerned with socially marked varieties not with a language itself.  So to be a linguist study a part or some aspect of a L. as entity not a total entity of a language. 3. Another branch of specialized linguistics:  Not primarily concerned with languages in conventional sense.  It interest in emergence of these languages

Why? Emergence is evolutionary concept (As De Saussure’s sense), sees it as diachronic not synchronic.

 De Saussure think س of L evolution تطور as : historical sense phylogenetic Sense تطور نوعي - It pertains( يخص ) to change that spans generations and centuries. - Diachronic is ontogeny ( تطور الجنين ) - It is the change within the human individual. - Examples for this: - 1. study infants’ language acquisitions. - A child progress starts from zero knowledge of the L spoken around him. He progressed in the field of ontogenesis of grammar.

- Study child spoken L is not interchangeable study. - But when the issue concerned SL or FL(L1 –L2) - Which concerned with MONOLANGUAGE & becoming bilingual, where 2L are concerned. - 2 Translation Theory : - is the 2 nd field of transition from L to L. - It called the study of how texts from a L to another are transformed into comparable text into another L. - The focus here not on LL, but in the text replacement

1. The analysis characteristic of SL 2. The Synthesis characteristics of TL text. 3. Each pair text has on interlingua> 4. A learner towards mastering FL (Nemser 1971 develops a series of systems(transitional dialect)*coder, They are successive and intersecting تقاطع 6. - later Translation equivalence will discuss as a a basis of Language comparison in CA.

 What is different between “PURE” & “Applied” linguistics.  Although Corder 1973 doubts the existence of so called: “Applied linguistics”.  He said it is not a science in its own right  But, it is a mere technology, based on pure linguistics.  Ross sees CA is pure not applied linguistics. This course concerns with Applied CA, not pure counterparts (alike), but before define Applied Linguistics

 1. it is one of the few investigations of L structure.  That improved pedagogy.  It is a true field of Applied Language research 2. Politzer 1972 not explicit, for him CA is a central and substantial component of Applied L. 3 in fact the 4 coming chapter see CA as pure and applied linguistics

 Is of both, but:  1. Pure CA is peripheral enterprise in pure L.  2. it is a central concern of applied linguistics  We will then use the term “applied CA”

 You studied that CA is  Interlingual study  Wandruszka 1971 called it inter-linguistics.  As bilingualism, which is not studying individual language, or single languages nor Language in general ,but the possession of 2 L.  They said:  We call it societal bilingual---if it is a possession of 2 L spoken by one community

 If we speak about individual bilingualism if one person speaks 2 L. THEREFORE,  The CA concerns 1. with individual bilingualism he called (extant bilingualism=already speak 2L) 2. On how monolingual can become bilingual incipient (binlinualization- a beginner).  What’s bilingualism? Is to own 2 languages by a person or a society. extant

 1. Earlier  Di Pietro (1971:9):  Find example of CA in a book written by {C.H. Grandgent (1957)  It is about English and French sound systems.  2. in Modern Era:  Lado’s 2 books {Linguistics Across Culture(1957):  About linguistics integration of immigrants to USA.  I

3. Weinreich واين رايت (1953) & Haugen هاوجين (1956) did studies of immigrant bilingualism. All above are historical link between CA and bilingualism studies; Some are doubt about this link>>why? Because? They said Weinreich and Haugen studies are analyze how 2 nd L(American English) influenced immigrant’s command and maintenance of native language, but

1. The way in wc NL affect FL learning in the individual. And Weinriech andf Haugen studied :  the long term effects. Of L contact  Spanning 2. CA concerned with - Parole their work with L. - With interference - With intergration

 Pidginisation بيجن )simple English)  Creolization (a L comes out from mixing 2L.  Pidgin:  Stage of simplification involve losing of: - Inflections of copula تصريف الفعل الرابط like is –are link subject with compliment - Function words(articles