Spain under Franco’s dictatorship

Regime’s characteristics 1. Definition: difficult because of its duration. From fascist to catholic conservative. 2. No constitution: Leyes Fundamentales 3. One political party: FET-JONS (Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista) 4. No division of Power (Franco) 5. Political Families: Falangistas, catholics, monarchists, carlistas and the army.

First years ( )  Repression:  Ley de responsabilidades políticas: Against all the people with some degree of participation in Republican institutions. Retroactive till  Ley de represión de la masonería y el comunismo: Against Comunism.  State of War until 1948  people executed  Less repression from 1948

The thirteen roses “Madre, hermanos, con todo el cariño y entusiasmo os pido que no me lloréis nadie. Salgo sin llorar. Me matan inocente, pero muero como debe morir una inocente. Madre, madrecita, me voy a reunir con mi hermana y papá al otro mundo, pero ten presente que muero por persona honrada. Adiós, madre querida, adiós para siempre. Tu hija, que ya jamás te podrá besar ni abrazar. Que mi nombre no se borre en la historia”. (Julia Conesa )

First years ( )  Government itnfluenced by Falange. FASCISM.  Spain supported Germany in the IIWW. However, with the first defeats of the Axis, in 1942 Spain declared its neutrality, following the theory of the three wars:  Democracies vs. Germany (neutral)  USSR vs. Germany (support Germany, so they sent the Blue Division to defeat communism)  Japan vs Democracies (supported democracies)

First years ( )  Falange and the falangistas wanted to create a corporative state like Mussolini’s Italy.  ECONOMY: (La Autarquía) Spain became a self sufficient country. The state directed an economy based on Heavy Industry and very little investment in light industry. The population suffered restrictions to buy food until (Racionamiento)

Fascist symbols

Post-war images

 After Germany was defeated, Spain slowly abandoned fascism.  Catholics, Conservatives, and Monarchists gained influence.  Spain is not accepted in the UN. (Argentina and other conservative countries are the only Spanish support)  When the Cold War starts, the US start to support Spain and in 1953 they are part of the Capitalist bloc because of its anti-communism.  Accepted in the UN in  Supported by the Pope

 The Regime was called “organic democracy” but it continued being a dictatorship.  In 1956 there were some strikes in Catalonia, Asturias (workers) and Madrid (students)

 ECONOMY: Better salaries Better standards of living More imports More inflation In 1959 the economy was practically bankrupted

 The traditional political families dissapeared  New groups -Reformistas: Elections in the Party (not free elections) - Tecnócratas: Opus Dei. Monarchists  This second group ruled  Juan Carlos I was elected to be the future king and Franco’s heir.

Stabilization Plan  Spanish economy grows 6% every year  Modernization of agriculture and industry  Tertiary and secondary sector improved a lot.  New middle class  Bases of the welfare state  This was financed by foreign investment, tourism and the money sent by the emigrants (a lot of people left Spain to work in Germany, Switzerland…)  On the other hand Spain didn’t created a lot of jobs.

ETA kills Carrero Blanco  OBPWxSOPpA OBPWxSOPpA

The Crisis ( )  Franco was sick and the president Carrero Blanco was killed by ETA. The new president (Arias Navarro) changed his policies a lot (from reformism to repression)  Decolonisation of the Spanish Sahara (problems today Sahara-Morocco)  Crisis It did not affect Spain because the government gave subsidies to buy oil. The crisis was suffered in the 80’s.

“Españoles, Franco ha muerto”  GjVo GjVo

Oposition  PCE  PSOE  CCOO  Maquis (Anarchist and communist armed resistance until 1947)  ETA, FRAP (frente recolucionario antifascista patriota), GRAPO (grupos de resistencia antifascista primero de octubre)  FLP (frente de liberación popular)  HOAC (hermandad obrera de acción católica)

Oposition PCEPSOE  Santiago Carrillo and Dolores Ibárruri “Pasionaria”  Felipe González