Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism Chapter 7 Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism

Byzantium Part I

Byzantium Center of religious, political, economic activity Maritime power Key trading center Founded by Constantine the Great

Constantinople Surrounded by formidable walls Christian Dedicated under Christian and pagan rites Mortal enemy – Islam

The Byzantines Roman in their Laws Greek in their culture Oriental in their habits

Byzantine Christianity Missionary activity = National Churches More Christians than in Rome Patriarch/Emperor relationship overshadowed papacy

Caesaropapism Temporal ruler extends authority over ecclesiastical and theological matters

Justinian I Viewed self as head of Church and State Last great ruler in Roman tradition Advanced architecture, fine arts, and law

Hagia Sophia

Codex Justinianus Systemization of all Roman Laws Highest achievement in classical legal scholarship Foundation of Canon Law

The Iconoclast Controversy Part II

Icons Flat/two-dimensional picture of Christ, the Virgin Mother, or saint Christian Acts of Piety Invitation to prayer

Abuse of Icons Common belief: Icons had special powers Idolatry

Iconoclasts Sought to destroy icons/ purge the practice of icons within the Christian faith

First Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III Theological pressures Heretics–Christ cannot be portrayed Christian ally with Muslims/Jews –God cannot be portrayed

First Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III (717-741) Conversion of Muslims and Jews sought (unity) Icons destroyed to reach goal

Emperor Leo III’s Edict Icons = idolatry Condemned by the pope and patriarch of Constantinople Persecuted non-adherents

St. John of Damascus Defended use of icons (Iconophile) Fount of Wisdom Jesus becoming man gave permission for use of icons

St. John of Damascus Why it’s good to have images: “We proclaim [God] also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to those who can read, that an image is to those who cannot read. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding.”

Constantine V Iconoclast Tried to gain support of Greek Church Council of Hiereia (against icons)

Empress Irene

Seventh Ecumenical Council Second Council of Nicaea (787) Pope Adrian I Veneration of icons accepted Adoration defined

Second Iconoclasm Leo V (815-843) Iconoclasm –military strength Patriarch reinstated the Council of Hiereria

The Rise of the Carolingians and the Independent Papacy Part III

Carolingian Line Pepin the Short Granted Frankish rule by Pope St. Zachary Supported by St. Boniface

Establishment of Papal States Pope Stephen: Supported Pepin the Short for Carolingian support Condemned anyone who disobeyed Pepin

Charlemagne (R. 769-814) Christian public policy Person of Christ Synods/Council decrees lawfully binding Reformed Clergy, raised money for the Church Missi dominici

Charlemagne’s Relationship to the Papacy Defeated the Lombards “Patrician of Rome” Restored Pope Leo III to power

Charlemagne Crowned Emperor Crowned by Pope Leo III Germans included in Roman civilization Upset Byzantine Emperors

Carolingian Renaissance Combated cultural decay Emphasized education/art Every parish/monastery req. to have a school

Alcuin the Carolingian Scholar Biblical/theological texts Latin Grammar Mathematical tracts Tours Bible Revised Roman Lectionary/Gregorian Sacramentary

The Great Schism Part IV

The Great Schism The final shattering communion between the Eastern and Western Church

The great schism Did not happen overnight Began with the founding of Constantinople

Timeline : the Great Schism 4th c. – Constantinople founded 9th c. – Iconoclasm/Charlemagne 11th c. – Final split/ attempted excommunication of the pope

The Great Schism Not a theo. dispute Distance between E./W. Church hierarchy

Hierarchy W. Christians accepting of pope E. Christians minimized papal power

Filioque Controversy “and the Son” added to the Creed (Third Council of Toledo) Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept change

Why was it rejected? Council of Chalcedon declared that the Creed could not be changed Patriarch upheld this ruling

The Photian Schism Patriarch Ignatius refused govt. official Holy Communion Emperor removed Patriarch from position

The Photian Schism Legates sent sided with emperor Pope excommunicated legates/demanded Ignatius be reinstated

Michael Cerularius Appointed as Patriarch (supported Photius) Hated the Catholic Church Opposed Western Church practices Closed Latin Churches Excommunicated the pope

Cardinal Humbert Lacked Diplomatic skills Sent to speak with Patriarchs “Either be in communion with Peter or become a synagogue of Satan.”

The Actual Schism Cardinal Humbert excommunicates the Patriarch of Constaninople July 1054: Eastern Church declares the Latin Church strayed away from the Faith

Today Eastern and Western Churches are still working to end the Schism Pope Benedict XVI has deep desire to end the Schism/ unify both Churches