Michelle Cantu MCED 7314

According to the American Speech- Language-Hearing Association (2012) when a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder.

Any one can have a speech disorder; children and adults. Some speech disorders have a medical reason for them and others have no know cause.

Speech is different from language!

Language is made up of socially shared rules that include the following: What words mean. How to make new words. How to put words together. What word combinations are best in what situations. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association also states (2012) when a person has trouble understanding others (receptive language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (expressive language), then he or she has a language disorder.

Speech Disorders Articulation Voice Fluency When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. Speech disorders are broken down into three groups. (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2012)

Articulation How speech sounds are made (e.g., children must learn how to produce the "r" sound in order to say "rabbit" instead of "wabbit"). (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2012)

Voice Use of the vocal folds and breathing to produce sound (e.g., the voice can be abused from overuse or misuse and can lead to hoarseness or loss of voice). (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2012)

Fluency The rhythm of speech (e.g., hesitations or stuttering can affect fluency). (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2012)

Apraxia Dysarthria Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonological Processes Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonological Processes Stuttering Voice

Apraxia is a motor speech disorder. Children and adolescents who have this have trouble saying Sounds, syllables, and words due to the brain having trouble planning to move the body parts needed for speech (tongue, lips, jaw, ect.) There are two forms of Apraxia; developmental and Acquired.

Not every child with Apraxia has the same symptoms. Here is just a few symptoms an older child might present. Makes inconsistent sound errors that are not the result of immaturity May appear to be groping when attempting to produce sounds or to coordinate the lips, tongue, and jaw for purposeful movement Has more difficulty saying longer words or phrases clearly than shorter ones Sounds choppy, monotonous, or stresses the wrong syllable or word

Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that occurs after a stroke or other brain injury. Dysarthria is when the muscles and respiratory system needed for speech become weak, move slowly, or not at all. Some signs of Dysarthria are: "Slurred" speech Slow rate of speech Limited tongue, lip, and jaw movement Drooling or poor control of saliva Chewing and swallowing difficulty

Some causes of Dysarthria are: Brain tumor Cerebral palsy Guillain-Barre syndrome Head injury Huntington's disease Lyme disease Multiple sclerosis Muscular dystrophy Parkinson's disease Stroke Wilson's disease

Children with OMD have a tongue that moves forward in an exaggerated way during speech and/or swallowing. Due to the exaggerated tongue movements sounds sound incorrect, an example is “thumb” is said instead of “some.”

OMD has no one direct cause and usual a combination of factors; some causes of OMD are: Improper oral habits thumb sucking tooth clenching grinding cheek biting Hereditary predisposition. Structural abnormalities Short lingual frenum Abnormality large tongue

“A speech sound disorder occurs when mistakes continue past a certain age. Every sound has a different range of ages when the child should make the sound correctly. Speech sound disorders include problems with articulation (making sounds) and phonological processes (sound patterns) (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 2012.)” These issues can be caused by weak muscles, little control of the tongue, all the way to head injuries.

Children that have an Articulation disorder can substitute sounds, leave sounds off, add or change sounds. A phonological process disorder involves patterns of sound errors. For example, substituting all sounds made in the back of the mouth like "k" and "g" for those in the front of the mouth like "t" and "d" (e.g., saying "tup" for "cup" or "das" for "gas") (American Speech-Language- Hearing Association, 2012.)” An audiologist is often called in to check the child’s hearing to help diagnose one of these issues.

Wesley Cantu age 4. Click on black box to start the video.

Stuttering is a speech disorder in which Sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or last longer than normal. These problems cause a break in the flow of speech (called disfluency) (National Library of Medicene, 2012).

Stuttering usually runs in families and genes have been identified. Stuttering can occur after a head injury also. For a small number of children their stuttering does not go away. There is no known prevention for stuttering. Stuttering is more common in boys than girls and can have pre-teens and teens self-conscience.

We have all had issues with our voice at some point due to colds and/or allergies. A speech disorder enters the picture when there is a problem with the vocal cords. The vocal cords get damaged in some way or has a growth.

Most treatments include a speech pathologist. A speech pathologist works with the patient on the skill they need to focus on. There are private clinics that people can go to for services, but schools offer speech services with a licensed speech pathologists. For the speech disorders that were caused by stroke a person can live a healthier lifestyle to prevent a stroke. Head injuries unfortunately can not be avoided most of the time so it is hard to prevent speech issues due to them.

Students with a speech disorder should have an IEP for school. Their IEP will include time with the speech therapy each week. An example, my son Wesley’s IEP states he will receive 2 thirty minute sessions a week with the school speech pathologist for his articulation delay. His IEP also states that his teachers will give him ample time to try to explain what he is trying to say if they do not understand him.

The teachers will have more of informal assessments of the students with speech disorders. There assessments will be more of can they understand the student better. The speech pathologists have more of a formal assessment. They will be keeping records of what the students work on when the go to them. They also have their own testing forms that they fill out to see if the student is making progress.

A person could contact their insurance agent for a speech pathologist. Here is some specialized support for families. International Support National Support kids.org/site/c.chKMI0PIIsE/b /k.720D/Apraxia_Research_R egistry.htm kids.org/site/c.chKMI0PIIsE/b /k.720D/Apraxia_Research_R egistry.htm Local Support

thria/DS thria/DS tml tml alth/PMH / alth/PMH /