EUKARYOTIC* CELL STRUCTURE Interactive Cell

 We talked about Cell Theory and two types of cells.  What are the 3 key points of the Cell Theory?  Which are the two important types of cells?  What is the main difference between these two cell types?

Eukaryotic  Examples  Plant Cells  Animal Cells  Membrane bound nucleus

Cytoplasm  Cytoplasm  Fluid part of the cell between the nucleus and cell membrane  Contains tiny structures called organelles

Cell Organelles  Organelle  Means “Little Organ”  Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic* cell.

Nucleus  Nucleus  Contains the cell’s DNA (also called Chromatin)  DNA codes instructions for making proteins and other molecules

 Surrounded by a double lipid layer Nuclear Envelope (Membrane)  Nuclear Envelope has pores/openings to allow material to move into and out of the nucleus

Nucleolus  Small region within nucleus that produces ribosomes Nucleolus

Cell Membrane  The Cell Membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Homeostasis  Provides protection and support  Made of a double-layered sheet called Lipid Bilayer (Lipids)

Mitochondria  Organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into energy. Cellular Respiration  Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes  Outer membrane  Inner membrane is folded

Ribosomes  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have them  Their main function is to synthesize (produce) proteins from RNA  Ribosomes are small structures found throughout the cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Structure where lipids and proteins are assembled and transported from the cell  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)  Ribosomes are found on its surface  Synthesize proteins

 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)  Ribosomes are not found here  Contains enzymes for the synthesis of membrane lipids

Golgi Apparatus  It modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage or secretion outside the cell  It is found next to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

NUCLEUS Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Smooth ER

Vacuoles  Vacuoles store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates  The control of water content within a cell is just an example maintaining homeostasis

 In plants:  There is a single, large central vacuole filled with liquid  The pressure of the central vacuole makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers

Lysosomes  Small organelles filled with enzymes  What is the function of an enzyme?  One function is digestion (breakdown)  Lipids  Carbohydrates  Proteins  Organelles that are not useful anymore  Removes “junk” that a cell does not need

Cytoskeleton  The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape.  The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement

 Two main structures of cytoskeleton  Microfilaments  Microtubules

 Microfilaments  Threadlike structures made of a protein called Actin  Form a tough and flexible framework that supports the cell

 Microtubules  Hollow structures made up of proteins known as Tubulin  Help with cell division. They form a structure called Centrioles. **Not Found in Plant Cells

Structures for Movement  Cilia (plural Cilium)  Short hair like structure covering the cell  Flagella (plural Flagellum)  Longer wipe like (tail)

Chloroplast***  Found in plant cells  Organelles that capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called Photosynthesis  Surrounded by two membranes

Cell Wall ***  Found in Plants and some Prokaryotes  Cell Walls lie outside the cell membrane  The main function is to provide support and protection for the cell  In plants, cell walls are made up of Cellulose (Carbohydrate)

Videos and Interactive Models  Interactive Cell Model Interactive Cell Model