Original Unit 9 Notes Some Links May Not Work Any Longer

Unit 9: Developmental Psychology This unit encompasses 7-9% of the AP Exam you will ace next May…that means 7-9 questions will be on this topic. Therefore, we can only spend 8% of our time on it (that’s 4 days…to cover a lifespan…). This unit is all about you. It’s a chance to consider how you want to spend your days as an adult, possibly a parent, even your golden years =)

Unit Overview Prenatal Development and the Newborn Infancy and Childhood Parents and Peers Adolescence Adulthood Reflections on Two Major Developmental IssuesReflections on Two Major Developmental Issues Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction Developmental psychology –Nature versus nurture –Continuity and stages Escalator or ladder? –Stability and change Do traits persist or Do we become different people as we age…after all, every 7 years you change cells completely…( Just for fun and your own info: OR lungs-weeks-old--taste-buds-just-days-So-old-rest-body.html OR years.html ) lungs-weeks-old--taste-buds-just-days-So-old-rest-body.htmlhttp:// years.html

Prenatal Development and the Newborn ption_to_birth_visualized#t-24668

Conception (Just when you thought it was safe to come back to class…)

Prenatal Development  Zygote  the fertilized egg  enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division  develops into an embryo  Embryo  the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month  Fetus  the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth   

Prenatal Development The placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus.  Teratogens   agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm   Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)  1E07A 1E07A  physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking  symptoms include misproportioned head

The Competent Newborn Reflexes  Rooting  Reflex  tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek Habituation –Novelty-preference procedure –Sensation and perception  Preferences  human voices and faces  facelike images-->  smell and sound of mother

Prenatal Development and the Newborn  Habituation  decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Having habituated to the old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one…which allows for many scientific studies and insight into the young person’s experiences.

Break: Activity

Infancy Childhood Clip from Bebes

Physical Development Brain Development Brain development Pruning process  Maturation  biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior  relatively uninfluenced by experience

Physical Development Motor Development (you should watch “BEBES!”) Motor development –The stages of learning to walk

Physical Development Maturation and Infant Memory Infantile amnesia – what happens before years?

Cognitive Development Crash Course: Cognition –Jean Piaget –All the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, remembering and communicating Schema  a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Example? Ball!  Assimilation  interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas Orange=Ball! Accomodation adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information…not all round things are balls… orange (Not ball) !

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Sensorimotor Stage (chart p.420)Sensorimotor Stage –Lasts from birth to around age 2 –Object permanenceObject permanence the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived “out of sight, out of mind”

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Sensorimotor Stage –Object permanenceObject permanence “out of sight, out of mind”

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Sensorimotor Stage –Object permanenceObject permanence Thus the joy of “peek-a-boo”

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Preoperational Stage –Lasts from about 2 years of age to about 6 or 7 years. –ConservationConservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Preoperational StagePreoperational Stage –ConservationConservation

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Egocentrism –What’s the lay definition? –What’s the psychological definition? the inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Theory of Mind –Lev Vygotsky –people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Concrete Operational StageConcrete Operational Stage –Lasts from about 6 or 7 years of age to about 12 years of age. About… –Ability to grasp Conservation Enjoy jokes Comprehend mathematical transformations

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Formal Operational Stage –Begins sometime around 12 years of age –Reasoning begins to include abstract concepts… think algebra, trig, calculus and physics!

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory Influential theory –He emphasized sequence more than age Today development is believed to be more continuous Vygotsky –Larger emphasis on social factors –Zone of proximal development The zone between what a child can learn with and without help

Cognitive Development Autism  a disorder that appears in childhood  Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind (Mirror neuron research).

End Day 1: Activity

Social Development Day 2 Stranger anxiety  fear of strangers that infants commonly display  beginning by about 8 months of age

Social Development Origins of Attachment Attachment (Harlow’s Monkeys first 4:11) * Attachment  an emotional tie with another person  shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation If interested (WARNING:some are really sad and appear quite sadistic): 3E90D7AB2435A8A25DD43E90D7AB2435A8A25http:// 3E90D7AB2435A8A25DD43E90D7AB2435A8A25 OR 88C9C51F1D A1488C9C 88C9C51F1D A1488C9C

Social Development Origins of Attachment –Body contact Harry Harlow’s studies –Familiarity Sensitive period  Critical Period * 96BBAC913C97A87CB29C96BBAC913C9 96BBAC913C97A87CB29C96BBAC913C9  an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development  Imprinting  the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting Ainsworth’s “strange situation” – * – For more: A A50928A55CA A50928 For more: A A50928A55CA A50928 Secure attachment Through repeated positive experiences with a caregiver, infants develop a secure attachment to that person. Infants who are securely attached have learned to trust that other people will take care of them.secure attachment –Insecure attachment Infants whose experiences with a caregiver are negative or unpredictable are more likely to develop an insecure attachment. Children who are insecurely attached have learned that adults are not reliable, and do not trust easily.insecure attachment

Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting Ainsworth’s “strange situation” –Insecure attachment Infants whose experiences with a caregiver are negative or unpredictable are more likely to develop an insecure attachment. Children who are insecurely attached have learned that adults are not reliable, and do not trust easily.insecure attachment

Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting Temperament –Easy, difficult & slow to warm up babies Erikson’s Basic trust Basic trust –During infancy, babies develop either trust or mistrust depending on their environment. If their needs are dependably met, they will develop a sense of basic trust.